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→Classical Music (古樂, 고악)
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*** [[Kunkunshi (工工四)|Kunkunshi]] – Ryukyuan/Okinawan koto and sanshin notation | *** [[Kunkunshi (工工四)|Kunkunshi]] – Ryukyuan/Okinawan koto and sanshin notation | ||
*** Various mnemonic and oral transmission techniques in Noh, gagaku, and qin playing | *** Various mnemonic and oral transmission techniques in Noh, gagaku, and qin playing | ||
<hr/> | |||
* Western Classical Music | |||
** Medieval (c. 500–1400) | |||
*** [[Gregorian Chant]] – Monophonic sacred chant of the Western Roman Catholic Church | |||
*** Other Latin liturgical traditions: [[Ambrosian chant]], [[Mozarabic chant]], [[Gallican chant]] | |||
*** Early polyphony and organum – e.g. [[Léonin]] and [[Pérotin]] of the Notre Dame School | |||
*** Secular monophony – [[Troubadour]] and [[Trouvère]] songs in France, [[Minnesänger]] in Germany | |||
** Renaissance (c. 1400–1600) | |||
*** Polyphonic vocal music – [[Mass (Missa)]], [[Motet]], [[Chanson]], [[Madrigal]] | |||
*** Franco-Flemish School: [[Guillaume Du Fay]], [[Johannes Ockeghem]], [[Josquin des Prez]] | |||
*** Roman School: [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]] (model of Catholic church music) | |||
*** Venetian School: [[Giovanni Gabrieli]] (polychoral style) | |||
*** Refined counterpoint theory (e.g. Gioseffo Zarlino) | |||
** Baroque (c. 1600–1750) | |||
*** Early Baroque: [[Claudio Monteverdi]] (transitional figure from Renaissance to Baroque, opera “L’Orfeo”) | |||
*** Opera’s beginnings in Italy: [[Florentine Camerata]], Jacopo Peri, Giulio Caccini | |||
*** French Baroque: [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]], [[François Couperin]] | |||
*** German Baroque: [[Heinrich Schütz]], [[Dietrich Buxtehude]] | |||
*** High Baroque masters: | |||
**** [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] – Cantatas, passions, fugues, “Well-Tempered Clavier” | |||
**** [[George Frideric Handel]] – Oratorios (“Messiah”), operas, instrumental works | |||
**** [[Antonio Vivaldi]] – Violin concertos (“The Four Seasons”) | |||
*** Development of tonal harmony, basso continuo, dance suites | |||
** Classical (c. 1750–1820) | |||
*** Viennese Classicism: | |||
**** [[Joseph Haydn]] – The “father” of the symphony and string quartet | |||
**** [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] – Operas, symphonies, concertos, chamber music | |||
**** [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] (early period) – Transitional figure from Classical to Romantic | |||
*** Rise of instrumental genres: [[Symphony]], [[String Quartet]], [[Sonata]], [[Concerto]] | |||
*** Sonata form, balance, clarity, and public concerts | |||
*** [[Christoph Willibald Gluck]] – Opera reform | |||
** Romantic (c. 1820–1900) | |||
*** Expansion of emotional expression, chromaticism, larger orchestras | |||
*** Early Romantics: [[Franz Schubert]], [[Carl Maria von Weber]], [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Frédéric Chopin]], [[Robert Schumann]], [[Hector Berlioz]] (program symphony) | |||
*** High Romantics: | |||
**** [[Richard Wagner]] – Music dramas, leitmotifs | |||
**** [[Giuseppe Verdi]] – Italian opera | |||
**** [[Johannes Brahms]] – Absolute music (symphonies, chamber works) | |||
**** [[Franz Liszt]] – Virtuosic piano works, symphonic poems | |||
**** [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] – Russian symphonies, ballets | |||
**** [[Anton Bruckner]] – Grand symphonies | |||
*** Nationalism in music: [[Bedřich Smetana]], [[Antonín Dvořák]], [[Modest Mussorgsky]], [[Edvard Grieg]], [[Jean Sibelius]] | |||
*** Late Romantic trends leading towards more complex harmonies and expanded forms | |||
* Genres, Forms, and Styles (up to the Romantic era) | |||
** Sacred Music Forms | |||
*** [[Mass]] (Ordinary and Proper), [[Requiem]], [[Motet]], [[Cantata]], [[Passion]], [[Oratorio]] | |||
*** Choral anthems, Lutheran chorales, Catholic liturgical music | |||
** Secular Vocal Forms | |||
*** [[Opera]] – Developed from early Baroque through Classical to grand Romantic operas | |||
*** [[Art Song / Lied]] – Prominent in the Romantic era (Schubert, Schumann, Brahms), French chanson and mélodie | |||
*** [[Madrigal]], [[Chanson]], [[Partsong]] – Renaissance secular vocal music | |||
** Instrumental Forms | |||
*** [[Symphony]] – Emerged in the Classical era, expanded in the Romantic | |||
*** [[Concerto]] – Baroque concerto grosso to Classical solo concerto, extended in the Romantic era | |||
*** [[Sonata]] – Keyboard and instrumental sonatas in Classical and Romantic eras | |||
*** [[String Quartet]], [[Trio]], [[Quintet]] – Chamber music tradition | |||
*** [[Suite]], [[Partita]], [[Overture]], [[Symphonic Poem]] (Romantic programmatic form) | |||
*** Dance forms: [[Allemande]], [[Courante]], [[Sarabande]], [[Gigue]] (Baroque suites), [[Minuet and Trio]] (Classical), [[Waltz]], [[Mazurka]], [[Polonaise]] (Romantic character dances) | |||
* Performance Contexts and Ensembles | |||
** Orchestras (Codified during Classical and Romantic periods) | |||
** Chamber ensembles (string quartets, piano trios) | |||
** Opera companies and court opera houses | |||
** Church choirs and cathedral music establishments | |||
** Noble and bourgeois salon concerts in 18th and 19th centuries | |||
* Instruments and Instrumental Families (Pre-20th Century) | |||
** Strings: [[Violin]], [[Viola]], [[Cello]], [[Double Bass]] | |||
** Early strings: [[Lute]], [[Viole da gamba]] | |||
** Keyboards: [[Piano]] (Classical and Romantic), [[Harpsichord]] (Renaissance/Baroque), [[Organ]] | |||
** Woodwinds: [[Flute]], [[Oboe]], [[Clarinet]], [[Bassoon]], [[Recorder]] (earlier periods) | |||
** Brass: [[Horn]], [[Trumpet]], [[Trombone]] (Sackbut in earlier forms), [[Natural Horn]] | |||
** Percussion: [[Timpani]], occasional use of other percussion in Romantic works | |||
* Theory, Notation, and Treatises | |||
** Medieval and Renaissance Theorists: [[Guido d’Arezzo]] (solmization), [[Johannes Tinctoris]], [[Gioseffo Zarlino]] | |||
** Baroque and Classical Theory: Figured bass, thoroughbass; [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]] (Treatise on Harmony) | |||
** Staff notation and mensural notation developed in Medieval/Renaissance, printing in the Renaissance | |||
** 19th-century Tonal Harmony Theory: Pre-Schenkerian approaches to voice-leading and functional harmony | |||
* Influential Institutions and Patrons (before 1900) | |||
** Church (Medieval, Renaissance patronage) | |||
** Royal Courts and Aristocracy (Baroque, Classical) | |||
** Rise of Public Concerts (Classical) and Middle-Class Audiences (Romantic) | |||
** Conservatories and Academies emerging in the 19th century | |||
* Additional Movements and Influences (before 1900) | |||
** Ars Nova in Medieval France (Machaut) | |||
** Camerata in Florence initiating early opera | |||
** Mannheim School (pre-Classical orchestral style) | |||
** Folk influences and Nationalistic trends in the Romantic era | |||
** Early music revival began in the late 19th century, though fully blossoming in the 20th century | |||
== Traditional Medicine (古醫書, 고의서) == | == Traditional Medicine (古醫書, 고의서) == | ||