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== Classical Literature (古典文學 고전문학) ==
== Classical Literature (古典文學 고전문학) ==


* East Asian Classics (東洋古文 동양고문)
=== East Asian Confucian Classics (東洋儒敎古文 동양유교고문) ===
** Beginning educational texts (初學 초학)
** Beginning educational texts (初學 초학)
*** [[삼자경|Three Character Classic (三字經 삼자경)]] <span class="badge blabel">現況</span><span class="badge bdata bggreen">進行中, 開始日 2024-02-20</span>
*** [[삼자경|Three Character Classic (三字經 삼자경)]] <span class="badge blabel">現況</span><span class="badge bdata bggreen">進行中, 開始日 2024-02-20</span>
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*** Mencius (孟子 맹자)
*** Mencius (孟子 맹자)
** [[고사성어|East Asian Idioms based on Old Stories (故事成語, 고사성어)]] <span class="badge blabel">現況</span><span class="badge bdata bggreen">進行中</span>
** [[고사성어|East Asian Idioms based on Old Stories (故事成語, 고사성어)]] <span class="badge blabel">現況</span><span class="badge bdata bggreen">進行中</span>
* [[漢字|Classical Chinese Characters (漢字, 한자)]] <span class="badge blabel">現況</span><span class="badge bdata bggreen">槪念化</span>
** [[漢字|Classical Chinese Characters (漢字, 한자)]] <span class="badge blabel">現況</span><span class="badge bdata bggreen">槪念化</span>
** [[Classical Literature|Other classics]]


=== Notes ===
=== Notes ===
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* East Asian Music (極東樂, 극동악)
* East Asian Music (極東樂, 극동악)
** Theoretical Foundations and Historical Contexts
*** [[Yayue|Yayue (雅樂)]] – Ancient Chinese court music tradition that influenced other East Asian court musics
*** [[Yinyue Lilun|Chinese music theory (音樂理論)]] – Pentatonic scales (gong, shang, jue, zhi, yu), 12 lu (十二律), Confucian music philosophy
*** [[Aak|Aak (雅樂 아악)]] – Korean ceremonial court music derived from Chinese yayue
*** [[Gagaku|Gagaku (雅楽 가가쿠)]] – Japanese imperial court music, also influenced by Chinese yayue and Korean aak traditions
** Korea (韓國, 한국)
** Korea (韓國, 한국)
*** [[gayageum|gayageum (伽倻琴, 가야금)]]
*** Court and Aristocratic Music (정악, Jeongak)
**** [[Aak|Aak (雅樂 아악)]] – Confucian shrine and royal ancestral ritual music
**** [[Dangak (唐樂)|Dangak]] – Court music of Tang Chinese origin
**** [[Hyangak (鄕樂)|Hyangak]] – Native Korean court music
**** [[Yeominrak (與民樂)|Yeominrak]] – A representative piece of Korean royal court music
**** [[Sujechon (壽齊天)|Sujecheon]] – Famous instrumental piece of Korean court music
*** Literati and Chamber Music
**** [[Gagok (歌曲)|Gagok]] – Lyrical, refined vocal music accompanied by traditional chamber ensemble
**** [[Jeongga (正歌)|Jeongga]] – General term for refined vocal music of the upper classes
*** Folk-Based Classical Forms
**** [[Pansori (판소리)|Pansori]] – Narrative singing accompanied by a drum, elevated to a classical art form
**** [[Sanjo (산조)|Sanjo]] – Instrumental solo accompanied by drum, considered a pinnacle of Korean classical instrumental music
*** Instruments (관악기/현악기/타악기)
**** String Instruments
***** [[Gayageum|Gayageum (伽倻琴, 가야금)]] – 12-string zither
***** [[Geomungo (玄琴, 거문고)|Geomungo]] – 6-string zither with a deeper sound
***** [[Haegum (奚琴, 해금)|Haegum]] – Two-stringed vertical fiddle
**** Wind Instruments
***** [[Daegeum (大琴, 대금)|Daegeum]] – Large transverse bamboo flute with a buzzing membrane
***** [[Piri (필리)|Piri]] – Double-reed bamboo oboe-like instrument
***** [[Taepyeongso (太平簫, 태평소)|Taepyeongso]] – Loud double-reed conical oboe
**** Percussion Instruments
***** [[Janggu (장구)|Janggu]] – Hourglass-shaped drum
***** [[Buk (북)|Buk]] – Barrel drum
***** [[Kkwaenggwari (꽹과리)|Kkwaenggwari]] – Small handheld gong
***** [[Jing (징)|Jing]] – Larger gong
** China (中國, 중국)
** China (中國, 중국)
*** [[guzheng|guzheng (古箏, 고쟁)]]
*** Court and Ritual Music
*** [[pipa|pipa (琵琶, 비파)]]
**** [[Yayue (雅樂)|Yayue]] – Elegant music performed in imperial courts and Confucian temples
*** [[guqin|guqin (古琴, 고금)]]
**** [[Zhou and Han ritual music]] – Early dynastic ceremonial music forming the foundation of Chinese classical tradition
*** Scholarly and Literati Traditions
**** [[Guqin|Guqin (古琴, 고금)]] – Seven-string fretless zither associated with scholars, Confucians, Daoists
**** [[Guqin repertoire]] – Known for ancient pieces like “Guangling San”, “Flowing Water (Liu Shui)”
*** Regional Classical Operas and Genres (Seen as part of classical tradition)
**** [[Kunqu (崑曲)|Kunqu Opera]] – One of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera, highly refined
**** [[Peking Opera (京劇)|Jingju]] – Classical Beijing opera (though more recent, still rooted in classical traditions)
*** Instrumental Traditions
**** String Instruments (Plucked)
***** [[Guzheng|Guzheng (古箏, 고쟁)]] – 21-string zither with movable bridges
***** [[Pipa|Pipa (琵琶, 비파)]] – Pear-shaped lute
***** [[Ruan (阮)|Ruan]] – Moon-shaped lute
***** [[Sanxian (三弦)|Sanxian]] – Three-stringed fretless lute
***** [[Liuqin (柳琴)|Liuqin]] – Small mandolin-like lute
**** Bowed String Instruments
***** [[Erhu (二胡)|Erhu]] – Two-stringed fiddle widely used in classical and folk styles
***** [[Zhonghu (中胡)|Zhonghu]] – Lower-pitched cousin of the erhu
***** [[Gaohu (高胡)|Gaohu]] – Higher-pitched fiddle used in Cantonese music
**** Wind Instruments
***** [[Xiao (簫)|Xiao]] – End-blown bamboo flute
***** [[Dizi (笛子)|Dizi]] – Transverse bamboo flute with a membrane hole
***** [[Sheng (笙)|Sheng]] – Free-reed mouth organ
***** [[Suona (嗩吶)|Suona]] – Loud double-reed horn
***** [[Guan (管)|Guan]] – Cylindrical double-reed pipe
**** Percussion Instruments
***** [[Bianzhong (編鐘)|Bianzhong]] – Bronze chime bells of ancient China
***** [[Bianqing (編磬)|Bianqing]] – Chime stones
***** Gongs, cymbals, drums (Tanggu, Daluo, Xiaoluo), and clappers forming classical percussion ensembles
** Japan (日本, 일본)
** Japan (日本, 일본)
*** Court music (雅楽, 아악, gagaku)
*** Court and Ritual Music (雅楽, Gagaku)
**** [[sokyoku|sokyoku (箏曲, 쟁곡)]]
**** [[Gagaku (雅楽, 아악)|Gagaku]] – Imperial court music tradition including:
***** [[Bugaku|Bugaku]] – Court dance music
***** [[Kuniburi no Utamai]] – Indigenous Shinto ritual songs and dances
**** Instruments of Gagaku
***** [[Shō (笙)|Shō]] – Free-reed mouth organ
***** [[Hichiriki (篳篥)|Hichiriki]] – Short double-reed pipe
***** [[Ryūteki (龍笛)|Ryūteki]] – Transverse bamboo flute
***** [[Biwa (琵琶)|Biwa]] – Four-stringed lute used in court music (Gaku-biwa)
***** [[Koto (箏)|Koto]] – 13-string zither used in gagaku and later chamber music
***** [[Taiko (太鼓)|Taiko]] – Drums of various sizes for court and shrine music
*** Buddhist Chanting and Sacred Music
**** [[Shōmyō (声明)|Shōmyō]] – Buddhist liturgical chanting
*** Theatre and Vocal Music
**** [[Noh (能)|Noh theatre music]] – Subtle ensemble of flute and drums accompanying chanted drama
**** [[Heikyoku (平曲)|Heikyoku]] – Biwa-accompanied recitation of The Tale of the Heike
*** Chamber Music and Artistic Genres
**** [[Sankyoku (三曲)|Sankyoku]] – Ensemble of koto, shamisen, and shakuhachi
**** [[Sokyoku|Sokyoku (箏曲, 쟁곡)]] – Koto music, often combined with shamisen and voice
**** [[Shakuhachi (尺八)|Shakuhachi]] – End-blown bamboo flute, linked to Zen meditation (komusō monks)
**** [[Shamisen (三味線)|Shamisen]] – Three-stringed lute used in a range of classical genres (Jiuta, Nagauta)
**** [[Gidayū-bushi|Gidayū-bushi]] – Chanted narrative style for Bunraku puppet theatre
** Other East Asian Traditions
*** Mongolian Court and Classical Music
**** [[Möngke tngri-yin üsüg|Historical Mongolian liturgical and court songs]] – Oral tradition preserved in Mongol royal courts
**** [[Morin Khuur (馬頭琴)|Morin Khuur]] – Horse-head fiddle, iconic Mongolian bowed instrument
**** [[Long Song (Urtyn Duu)|Urtyn Duu]] – Ancient form of Mongolian extended vocal performance with wide vocal range
*** Ryukyuan/Okinawan Court Music
**** [[Ryūkyūan court music]] – Classical tradition influenced by both Japanese gagaku and Chinese court music
**** [[Sanshin (三線)|Sanshin]] – Three-stringed lute used in classical Ryukyuan music
*** Influences in Vietnam (While culturally closer to Southeast Asia, historically influenced by Chinese music theory)
**** [[Nha Nhac (雅樂)|Nhã nhạc]] – Vietnamese court music of the Huế court, influenced by Chinese yayue
**** [[Dan Tranh (箏)|Đàn tranh]] – Zither similar to the guzheng/koto
**** [[Dan Bau (單弦)|Đàn bầu]] – Monochord instrument with subtle tonal inflections
** Additional Classical Themes and Genres
*** Ritual and Ancestral Ceremonies
**** Confucian temple music in China, Korea, Vietnam
**** Shinto shrine kagura performances in Japan
*** Scholarly and Solo Repertoires
**** Guqin solo repertoire (China)
**** Geomungo sanjo and gayageum sanjo (Korea)
**** Shakuhachi honkyoku pieces (Japan)
*** Ensemble and Orchestral Traditions
**** Jingju orchestra (China)
**** Gagaku orchestra (Japan)
**** Jeongak court ensemble (Korea)
** Music Notation Systems
*** [[Gongchepu (工尺譜)|Gongchepu]] – Chinese traditional notation
*** [[Jeongganbo (井間譜)|Jeongganbo]] – Korean notation system for pitches and rhythms
*** [[Kunkunshi (工工四)|Kunkunshi]] – Ryukyuan/Okinawan koto and sanshin notation
*** Various mnemonic and oral transmission techniques in Noh, gagaku, and qin playing
<hr/>
* Western Classical Music
** Medieval (c. 500–1400)
*** [[Gregorian Chant]] – Monophonic sacred chant of the Western Roman Catholic Church
*** Other Latin liturgical traditions: [[Ambrosian chant]], [[Mozarabic chant]], [[Gallican chant]]
*** Early polyphony and organum – e.g. [[Léonin]] and [[Pérotin]] of the Notre Dame School
*** Secular monophony – [[Troubadour]] and [[Trouvère]] songs in France, [[Minnesänger]] in Germany
** Renaissance (c. 1400–1600)
*** Polyphonic vocal music – [[Mass (Missa)]], [[Motet]], [[Chanson]], [[Madrigal]]
*** Franco-Flemish School: [[Guillaume Du Fay]], [[Johannes Ockeghem]], [[Josquin des Prez]]
*** Roman School: [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]] (model of Catholic church music)
*** Venetian School: [[Giovanni Gabrieli]] (polychoral style)
*** Refined counterpoint theory (e.g. Gioseffo Zarlino)
** Baroque (c. 1600–1750)
*** Early Baroque: [[Claudio Monteverdi]] (transitional figure from Renaissance to Baroque, opera “L’Orfeo”)
*** Opera’s beginnings in Italy: [[Florentine Camerata]], Jacopo Peri, Giulio Caccini
*** French Baroque: [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]], [[François Couperin]]
*** German Baroque: [[Heinrich Schütz]], [[Dietrich Buxtehude]]
*** High Baroque masters:
**** [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] – Cantatas, passions, fugues, “Well-Tempered Clavier”
**** [[George Frideric Handel]] – Oratorios (“Messiah”), operas, instrumental works
**** [[Antonio Vivaldi]] – Violin concertos (“The Four Seasons”)
*** Development of tonal harmony, basso continuo, dance suites
** Classical (c. 1750–1820)
*** Viennese Classicism:
**** [[Joseph Haydn]] – The “father” of the symphony and string quartet
**** [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] – Operas, symphonies, concertos, chamber music
**** [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] (early period) – Transitional figure from Classical to Romantic
*** Rise of instrumental genres: [[Symphony]], [[String Quartet]], [[Sonata]], [[Concerto]]
*** Sonata form, balance, clarity, and public concerts
*** [[Christoph Willibald Gluck]] – Opera reform
** Romantic (c. 1820–1900)
*** Expansion of emotional expression, chromaticism, larger orchestras
*** Early Romantics: [[Franz Schubert]], [[Carl Maria von Weber]], [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Frédéric Chopin]], [[Robert Schumann]], [[Hector Berlioz]] (program symphony)
*** High Romantics:
**** [[Richard Wagner]] – Music dramas, leitmotifs
**** [[Giuseppe Verdi]] – Italian opera
**** [[Johannes Brahms]] – Absolute music (symphonies, chamber works)
**** [[Franz Liszt]] – Virtuosic piano works, symphonic poems
**** [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] – Russian symphonies, ballets
**** [[Anton Bruckner]] – Grand symphonies
*** Nationalism in music: [[Bedřich Smetana]], [[Antonín Dvořák]], [[Modest Mussorgsky]], [[Edvard Grieg]], [[Jean Sibelius]]
*** Late Romantic trends leading towards more complex harmonies and expanded forms
* Genres, Forms, and Styles (up to the Romantic era)
** Sacred Music Forms
*** [[Mass]] (Ordinary and Proper), [[Requiem]], [[Motet]], [[Cantata]], [[Passion]], [[Oratorio]]
*** Choral anthems, Lutheran chorales, Catholic liturgical music
** Secular Vocal Forms
*** [[Opera]] – Developed from early Baroque through Classical to grand Romantic operas
*** [[Art Song / Lied]] – Prominent in the Romantic era (Schubert, Schumann, Brahms), French chanson and mélodie
*** [[Madrigal]], [[Chanson]], [[Partsong]] – Renaissance secular vocal music
** Instrumental Forms
*** [[Symphony]] – Emerged in the Classical era, expanded in the Romantic
*** [[Concerto]] – Baroque concerto grosso to Classical solo concerto, extended in the Romantic era
*** [[Sonata]] – Keyboard and instrumental sonatas in Classical and Romantic eras
*** [[String Quartet]], [[Trio]], [[Quintet]] – Chamber music tradition
*** [[Suite]], [[Partita]], [[Overture]], [[Symphonic Poem]] (Romantic programmatic form)
*** Dance forms: [[Allemande]], [[Courante]], [[Sarabande]], [[Gigue]] (Baroque suites), [[Minuet and Trio]] (Classical), [[Waltz]], [[Mazurka]], [[Polonaise]] (Romantic character dances)
* Performance Contexts and Ensembles
** Orchestras (Codified during Classical and Romantic periods)
** Chamber ensembles (string quartets, piano trios)
** Opera companies and court opera houses
** Church choirs and cathedral music establishments
** Noble and bourgeois salon concerts in 18th and 19th centuries
* Instruments and Instrumental Families (Pre-20th Century)
** Strings: [[Violin]], [[Viola]], [[Cello]], [[Double Bass]]
** Early strings: [[Lute]], [[Viole da gamba]]
** Keyboards: [[Piano]] (Classical and Romantic), [[Harpsichord]] (Renaissance/Baroque), [[Organ]]
** Woodwinds: [[Flute]], [[Oboe]], [[Clarinet]], [[Bassoon]], [[Recorder]] (earlier periods)
** Brass: [[Horn]], [[Trumpet]], [[Trombone]] (Sackbut in earlier forms), [[Natural Horn]]
** Percussion: [[Timpani]], occasional use of other percussion in Romantic works
* Theory, Notation, and Treatises
** Medieval and Renaissance Theorists: [[Guido d’Arezzo]] (solmization), [[Johannes Tinctoris]], [[Gioseffo Zarlino]]
** Baroque and Classical Theory: Figured bass, thoroughbass; [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]] (Treatise on Harmony)
** Staff notation and mensural notation developed in Medieval/Renaissance, printing in the Renaissance
** 19th-century Tonal Harmony Theory: Pre-Schenkerian approaches to voice-leading and functional harmony
* Influential Institutions and Patrons (before 1900)
** Church (Medieval, Renaissance patronage)
** Royal Courts and Aristocracy (Baroque, Classical)
** Rise of Public Concerts (Classical) and Middle-Class Audiences (Romantic)
** Conservatories and Academies emerging in the 19th century
* Additional Movements and Influences (before 1900)
** Ars Nova in Medieval France (Machaut)
** Camerata in Florence initiating early opera
** Mannheim School (pre-Classical orchestral style)
** Folk influences and Nationalistic trends in the Romantic era
** Early music revival began in the late 19th century, though fully blossoming in the 20th century


== Traditional Medicine (古醫書, 고의서) ==
== Traditional Medicine (古醫書, 고의서) ==


* [https://mediclassics.kr/books/8 Donguibogam: Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine (東醫寶鑑, 동의보감)]
* East Asian Medical Traditions
*[https://oasis.kiom.re.kr/herblib/ 한약자원연구센터 (kiom.re.kr)] (e.g. https://herba.kr/boncho/?m=view&t=dict&id=8737)
** Chinese Medicine (中醫)
*** Foundational Texts
**** [[황제내경|Huangdi Neijing (黃帝內經) - The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon]] – Foundational text of Chinese medicine, comprising Suwen (素問) and Lingshu (靈樞).
**** [[난경|Nanjing (難經) - Classic of Difficult Issues]] – Commentary and elucidation of the Huangdi Neijing.
**** [[상한론|Shanghan Lun (傷寒論) - Treatise on Cold Damage]] and [[금궤요략|Jingui Yaolue (金匱要略) - Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet]] by Zhang Zhongjing.
**** [[신농본초경|Shennong Bencao Jing (神農本草經) - Divine Farmer’s Classic of Materia Medica]] – Earliest known pharmacopoeia in China.
*** Later Dynastic Texts
**** [[주후비급방|Zhouhou Beiji Fang (肘後備急方) by Ge Hong]] – Emergency prescriptions.
**** [[침구대성|Zhenjiu Dacheng (鍼灸大成) by Yang Jizhou]] – Comprehensive compilation on acupuncture and moxibustion.
**** [[비급구전|Beiji Qianjin Yaofang (備急千金要方) & Qianjin Yifang (千金翼方) by Sun Simiao]] – Influential Tang dynasty medical compendia.
**** [[본초강목|Bencao Gangmu (本草綱目) by Li Shizhen]] – Definitive Ming dynasty materia medica with thousands of substances.
**** [[의림개착|Yilin Gaicuo (醫林改錯) by Wang Qingren]] – Qing dynasty work emphasizing blood stasis.
*** Specialty Texts
**** [[동원십서|Dongyuan Shishu (東垣十書)]] – Works by Li Dongyuan focusing on spleen and stomach theory.
**** [[온병학|Wenbing Xue (溫病學) - Warm disease theory]]: Wenre Lun (溫熱論) by Ye Tianshi, and Wenbing Tiaobian (溫病條辨) by Wu Jutong.
** Korean Medicine (韓醫)
*** [[향약집성방|Hyangyak Jipseongbang (鄕藥集成方)]] – Korean herbal formula compendium compiled under King Sejong.
*** [[의방유취|Uibang Yuuchwi (醫方類聚)]] – Extensive Korean medical encyclopedia from the Joseon period.
*** [[동의보감|Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑) by Heo Jun]] – Landmark Joseon dynasty medical text, synthesizing Chinese and Korean traditions. [https://mediclassics.kr/books/8 Donguibogam: Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine (東醫寶鑑, 동의보감)]
**** [https://oasis.kiom.re.kr/herblib/ 한약자원연구센터 (kiom.re.kr)] (e.g. https://herba.kr/boncho/?m=view&t=dict&id=8737)
*** [[벽온신방|Byeogon Shinbang (辟瘟新方)]] – Treatises on epidemic diseases.
** Japanese Medicine (和方)
*** [[의심방|Ishinpō (醫心方) by Tamba Yasuyori]] – Oldest surviving Japanese medical text, strongly influenced by Chinese medicine.
*** Later Kanpō (漢方) commentaries and collections of formulas influenced by Chinese classics.
** Mongolian and Tibetan Medicine
*** [[사스라|Gyüshi (rGyud-bZhi) - The Four Tantras]] – Foundation of Tibetan medical knowledge.
*** Mongolian medical treatises often based on Tibetan and Chinese traditions, e.g., translations of rGyud-bZhi and pharmacopoeias.
* South Asian Medical Traditions
** Ayurveda (India)
*** Foundational Samhitas
**** [[카이야 삼히타|Charaka Samhita]] – Classic Ayurveda text on internal medicine (Kayachikitsa).
**** [[수슈루타 삼히타|Sushruta Samhita]] – Foundational surgical and anatomical text in Ayurveda.
**** [[아슈탕가 하르다야|Ashtanga Hridaya]] and [[아슈탕가 상그라하|Ashtanga Sangraha]] by Vagbhata – Comprehensive Ayurvedic treatises summarizing earlier works.
*** Additional and Regional Texts
**** [[마다바 니다나|Madhava Nidana]] – Important diagnostic compendium.
**** [[바바 프라카샤|Bhava Prakash]] – Ayurveda materia medica and theory of Dravya (substances).
**** Ancient [[리그베다|Rig Veda]] and [[아타르바베다|Atharva Veda]] references to healing herbs and rituals.
** Siddha (South India)
*** [[아기얀나 사라쿠|Agathiyar Gunavakadam]] and other texts attributed to Siddhars focusing on herbal remedies, alchemy, and longevity.
** Unani (Greco-Arabic tradition in India)
*** Works influenced by Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna’s Canon, adapted into the South Asian milieu.
* Middle Eastern and Greco-Roman Medical Traditions
** Ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian
*** [[에버스 파피루스|Ebers Papyrus]] – Ancient Egyptian medical papyrus with herbal remedies.
*** [[스미스 파피루스|Edwin Smith Papyrus]] – Surgical cases, anatomical observations.
** Greco-Roman Tradition
*** [[히포크라테스 전집|Hippocratic Corpus]] – The foundation of Western medical thought.
*** [[갈레노스|Galen of Pergamon]] – Extensive treatises on anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and theory of the humors.
*** [[디오스코리데스 약물론|De Materia Medica by Dioscorides]] – Influential herbal pharmacopoeia.
** Persian and Islamic Golden Age Medicine
*** [[아비센나|The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb) by Avicenna (Ibn Sina)]] – Authoritative medieval medical encyclopedia synthesizing Greek and Islamic knowledge.
*** [[라지|Al-Razi (Rhazes) works]] – “Al-Hawi” (Comprehensive Book), treatises on measles, smallpox.
*** [[알마주시|Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas)’s Kitab al-Malaki]] – Another influential medical compendium.
*** [[이븐 알나피스|Ibn al-Nafis]] – Commentary on the Canon, early description of pulmonary circulation.
*** [[이븐 마사웨이|Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Ibn Masawayh]] – Translators and compilers of Greek medical texts into Arabic.
* African Traditions
** Ancient and Coptic medical traditions recorded in papyri and inscriptions.
** Ethiopian medical manuscripts (often Christian-influenced) combining herbal remedies and prayers.
** Griotic and oral traditions in West Africa preserved knowledge of medicinal plants and healing rituals, though few written “classics” predate colonial eras.
* Mesoamerican and South American Traditions
** Aztec and Maya herbal codices
*** [[바다리아노스 필사본|Badianus Manuscript (Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis)]] – Aztec herbal remedies recorded post-conquest.
*** Maya Dresden Codex contains references to rituals and medicinal plants.
** Incan Quipus (knotted cords) and chroniclers’ records (e.g., Huarochirí Manuscript) contain references to healing rituals, though less “textual” in a traditional sense.
* European Medieval and Renaissance Tradition
** European Herbals and Materia Medica (Pre-Modern)
*** [[힐데가르트 폰 빙엔|Hildegard of Bingen’s Physica]] – Medieval European medical and herbal treatise.
*** [[치라르두스|Circa Instans (Platearius)]] – Salerno medical school herbals.
*** [[Paracelsus]] – Renaissance physician-alchemist, works bridging medieval and early modern thought.
** Monastic medicinal manuscripts and hospital records preserving Greco-Roman medical knowledge.
* Additional Influential Texts and Pharmacopoeias
** Traditional Pharmacopoeias
*** [[탕두징|Tang Materia Medica]] (China)
*** Later dynastic and regional materia medicas: [[정화본초|Zhenghe Bencao]], [[향약채취월령|Hyangyak Chaecheuk Wolyeong]] (Korea)
** Across Cultural Exchanges
*** Islamic translations of Galen and Hippocrates contributed back into Europe (in Latin translations) – e.g. Constantinus Africanus at Salerno.
*** Jesuit missionary records and European travelers’ manuscripts documenting Asian and American medicinal plants.
** Oral to Written Transitions
*** Many traditions were originally oral (e.g., African, Oceanian, Indigenous Americas), and only recorded by colonizers or missionaries, or transcribed into written form much later. While not “classical” books, these collected works form corpora of traditional medical knowledge.


== Traditional Architecture (古建築, 고건축/전통건축) ==
== Traditional Architecture (古建築, 고건축/전통건축) ==

Latest revision as of 13:29, 10 December 2024

Classical Literature (古典文學 고전문학)

East Asian Confucian Classics (東洋儒敎古文 동양유교고문)

Notes

Classical Education/Arts (古藝, 고예)

Eastern (東)

Western (西)

  • Liberal arts education since Boethius (보이티우스 (또는 보에티우스) 이후의 교양교육)
    • Trivium (三學, 삼학)
      • Grammar (文法, 문법)
      • Logic (論理學, 논리학)
      • Rhetoric (修辭學, 수사학)
    • Quadrivium (四科, 사과)
      • Arithmetic; abstractions
      • Geometry; spatial
      • Music; time
      • Astronomy; spacetime
    • Advanced (高等敎育, 고등교육)
      • Theology (神學, 신학)
      • Philosophy (哲學, 철학)
  • Modern liberal arts education
    • Arts (fine arts, music, performing arts, literature)
    • Philosophy
    • Religious studies
    • Social science (anthropology, geography, history, jurisprudence, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology)
    • Mathematics
    • Natural Sciences (biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, earth sciences)

Classical Music (古樂, 고악)

  • East Asian Music (極東樂, 극동악)
    • Theoretical Foundations and Historical Contexts
    • Korea (韓國, 한국)
      • Court and Aristocratic Music (정악, Jeongak)
        • Aak (雅樂 아악) – Confucian shrine and royal ancestral ritual music
        • Dangak – Court music of Tang Chinese origin
        • Hyangak – Native Korean court music
        • Yeominrak – A representative piece of Korean royal court music
        • Sujecheon – Famous instrumental piece of Korean court music
      • Literati and Chamber Music
        • Gagok – Lyrical, refined vocal music accompanied by traditional chamber ensemble
        • Jeongga – General term for refined vocal music of the upper classes
      • Folk-Based Classical Forms
        • Pansori – Narrative singing accompanied by a drum, elevated to a classical art form
        • Sanjo – Instrumental solo accompanied by drum, considered a pinnacle of Korean classical instrumental music
      • Instruments (관악기/현악기/타악기)
        • String Instruments
        • Wind Instruments
          • Daegeum – Large transverse bamboo flute with a buzzing membrane
          • Piri – Double-reed bamboo oboe-like instrument
          • Taepyeongso – Loud double-reed conical oboe
        • Percussion Instruments
    • China (中國, 중국)
      • Court and Ritual Music
        • Yayue – Elegant music performed in imperial courts and Confucian temples
        • Zhou and Han ritual music – Early dynastic ceremonial music forming the foundation of Chinese classical tradition
      • Scholarly and Literati Traditions
        • Guqin (古琴, 고금) – Seven-string fretless zither associated with scholars, Confucians, Daoists
        • Guqin repertoire – Known for ancient pieces like “Guangling San”, “Flowing Water (Liu Shui)”
      • Regional Classical Operas and Genres (Seen as part of classical tradition)
        • Kunqu Opera – One of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera, highly refined
        • Jingju – Classical Beijing opera (though more recent, still rooted in classical traditions)
      • Instrumental Traditions
        • String Instruments (Plucked)
        • Bowed String Instruments
          • Erhu – Two-stringed fiddle widely used in classical and folk styles
          • Zhonghu – Lower-pitched cousin of the erhu
          • Gaohu – Higher-pitched fiddle used in Cantonese music
        • Wind Instruments
          • Xiao – End-blown bamboo flute
          • Dizi – Transverse bamboo flute with a membrane hole
          • Sheng – Free-reed mouth organ
          • Suona – Loud double-reed horn
          • Guan – Cylindrical double-reed pipe
        • Percussion Instruments
          • Bianzhong – Bronze chime bells of ancient China
          • Bianqing – Chime stones
          • Gongs, cymbals, drums (Tanggu, Daluo, Xiaoluo), and clappers forming classical percussion ensembles
    • Japan (日本, 일본)
      • Court and Ritual Music (雅楽, Gagaku)
        • Gagaku – Imperial court music tradition including:
        • Instruments of Gagaku
          • Shō – Free-reed mouth organ
          • Hichiriki – Short double-reed pipe
          • Ryūteki – Transverse bamboo flute
          • Biwa – Four-stringed lute used in court music (Gaku-biwa)
          • Koto – 13-string zither used in gagaku and later chamber music
          • Taiko – Drums of various sizes for court and shrine music
      • Buddhist Chanting and Sacred Music
        • Shōmyō – Buddhist liturgical chanting
      • Theatre and Vocal Music
        • Noh theatre music – Subtle ensemble of flute and drums accompanying chanted drama
        • Heikyoku – Biwa-accompanied recitation of The Tale of the Heike
      • Chamber Music and Artistic Genres
        • Sankyoku – Ensemble of koto, shamisen, and shakuhachi
        • Sokyoku (箏曲, 쟁곡) – Koto music, often combined with shamisen and voice
        • Shakuhachi – End-blown bamboo flute, linked to Zen meditation (komusō monks)
        • Shamisen – Three-stringed lute used in a range of classical genres (Jiuta, Nagauta)
        • Gidayū-bushi – Chanted narrative style for Bunraku puppet theatre
    • Other East Asian Traditions
      • Mongolian Court and Classical Music
      • Ryukyuan/Okinawan Court Music
        • Ryūkyūan court music – Classical tradition influenced by both Japanese gagaku and Chinese court music
        • Sanshin – Three-stringed lute used in classical Ryukyuan music
      • Influences in Vietnam (While culturally closer to Southeast Asia, historically influenced by Chinese music theory)
        • Nhã nhạc – Vietnamese court music of the Huế court, influenced by Chinese yayue
        • Đàn tranh – Zither similar to the guzheng/koto
        • Đàn bầu – Monochord instrument with subtle tonal inflections
    • Additional Classical Themes and Genres
      • Ritual and Ancestral Ceremonies
        • Confucian temple music in China, Korea, Vietnam
        • Shinto shrine kagura performances in Japan
      • Scholarly and Solo Repertoires
        • Guqin solo repertoire (China)
        • Geomungo sanjo and gayageum sanjo (Korea)
        • Shakuhachi honkyoku pieces (Japan)
      • Ensemble and Orchestral Traditions
        • Jingju orchestra (China)
        • Gagaku orchestra (Japan)
        • Jeongak court ensemble (Korea)
    • Music Notation Systems
      • Gongchepu – Chinese traditional notation
      • Jeongganbo – Korean notation system for pitches and rhythms
      • Kunkunshi – Ryukyuan/Okinawan koto and sanshin notation
      • Various mnemonic and oral transmission techniques in Noh, gagaku, and qin playing

Traditional Medicine (古醫書, 고의서)

Traditional Architecture (古建築, 고건축/전통건축)

Language Learning

Development

More development related contents are available via WIP

Ministry

Miscellaneous

WIP

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