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Classical Literature (古典文學 고전문학)

East Asian Confucian Classics (東洋儒敎古文 동양유교고문)

- Beginning educational texts (初學 초학)
  - Three Character Classic (三字經 삼자경) 現況進行中, 開始日 2024-02-20
  - One Hundred Family Names (百家姓 백가성)
  - One Thousand Characters (千字文 천자문) 韓文完成, 終了日 2016-07-30
  - Four Character Book of Learning (四字小學 사자소학) 韓文完成, 終了日 2024-03-18
  - Compiled Writings (推句 추구) 原文完成, 終了日 2024-03-18
  - Prose (散文 산문)
  - Misc
    - Combined Categories [of Various Topics for Tutelage of Children] (類合 유합)
    - Collection of Characters for Training the Unenlightened (訓蒙字會 훈몽자회)
- Four Books and Five Classics (四書五經 사서오경)
  - 四書
    - The Great Learning (大學 대학) 現況進行中
    - Analects (論語 논어)
    - Mencius (孟子 맹자)
    - The Doctrine of Mean (中庸 중용)
  - 五經
    - Book of Odes (詩經 시경)
    - Book of Documents (書經 서경)
    - Book of Changes (易經 역경)
    - Book of Rites (禮記 예기)
      - Rites of Zhou (周禮 주례)
    - Annals of Spring and Autumn (春秋 춘추)
- 孝
  - 孝子傳, 藝文類聚, 太平御覽, 搜神記
  - The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars (二十四孝 이십사효)
- The Thirteen Classics (十三經 십삼경) from Han dynasty to Song dynasty
  - Book of Changes (易經 역경)
  - Book of Documents (書經 서경)
  - Book of Odes (詩經 시경)
  - Three [Books of] Rites (三禮 삼례)
    - Rites of Zhou (周禮 주례)
    - Ceremonies and Rites (儀禮 의례)
    - Book of Rites (禮記 예기)
  - The Great Learning (大學 대학)
  - The Doctrine of Mean (中庸 중용)
  - Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋三傳 춘추삼전)
    - The Commentary of Zuo (左傳 좌전)
    - The Commentary of Gongyang (公羊傳 공양전)
    - The Commentary of Guliang (穀梁傳 곡량전)
  - Analects (論語 논어)
  - The Classic of Filial Piety (孝經 효경)
  - Erya, the Dictionary (爾雅 이아)
  - Mencius (孟子 맹자)
- East Asian Idioms based on Old Stories (故事成語, 고사성어) 現況進行中
- Classical Chinese Characters (漢字, 한자) 現況槪念化
- Other classics

Notes

孔子之私學
조선은 주자학 때문에 망했을까?
Scholars (學者, 학자)
Old texts (古文, 고문)
Three bonds and five relationships (三綱五倫, 삼강오륜)
Korean 國樂의 意義
Internet privacy
大學之道在止於至善
- 대학지도재지어지선(大學之道在止於至善)
조선시대의 兩班들의 삶 (Life of Yangbans during Joseon dynasty)
24 Seasons (二十四節氣, 24절기)
Hanja IME (漢字入力, 한자입력) - ZhengMa Input Method (鄭碼輸入法, 정마수입법)
How Korean pronunciations of hanja are linked to Chinese pronunciation
朱子家禮
진리편독삼자경
한국학 디지털 아카이브
- [1] (2024-08-26)

Classical Education/Arts (古藝, 고예)

Eastern (東)

Six Arts (六藝, 육예) from Zhou (周, 주) (1046 - 256 BC)
- Rites (禮, 례)
- Music (樂, 악)
  - 문묘제례악 (文廟祭禮樂)
- Archery (射, 사)
- Charioteering (御, 어)
- Calligraphy (書, 서)
- Mathematics (數, 수) (장기나 바둑같은 것도 數에 포함)
Four Arts (四藝) from Tang (唐, 당) (618 - 907 AD)
- Stringed instrument, qin/guqin (琴, 금)
- Strategy game of baduk, go, qi/weiqi (棋/圍棋, 바둑, 기)
- Calligraphy, shu (書, 서)
- Painting, hua (畫, 화)
서당 (書堂, Village School)
By countries
- Japan

Western (西)

Liberal arts education since Boethius (보이티우스 (또는 보에티우스) 이후의 교양교육)
- Trivium (三學, 삼학)
  - Grammar (文法, 문법)
  - Logic (論理學, 논리학)
  - Rhetoric (修辭學, 수사학)
- Quadrivium (四科, 사과)
  - Arithmetic; abstractions
  - Geometry; spatial
  - Music; time
  - Astronomy; spacetime
- Advanced (高等敎育, 고등교육)
  - Theology (神學, 신학)
  - Philosophy (哲學, 철학)
Modern liberal arts education
- Arts (fine arts, music, performing arts, literature)
- Philosophy
- Religious studies
- Social science (anthropology, geography, history, jurisprudence, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology)
- Mathematics
- Natural Sciences (biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, earth sciences)

Classical Music (古樂, 고악)

East Asian Music (極東樂, 극동악)
- Theoretical Foundations and Historical Contexts
  - Yayue (雅樂) – Ancient Chinese court music tradition that influenced other East Asian court musics
  - Chinese music theory (音樂理論) – Pentatonic scales (gong, shang, jue, zhi, yu), 12 lu (十二律), Confucian music philosophy
  - Aak (雅樂 아악) – Korean ceremonial court music derived from Chinese yayue
  - Gagaku (雅楽 가가쿠) – Japanese imperial court music, also influenced by Chinese yayue and Korean aak traditions
- Korea (韓國, 한국)
  - Court and Aristocratic Music (정악, Jeongak)
    - Aak (雅樂 아악) – Confucian shrine and royal ancestral ritual music
    - Dangak – Court music of Tang Chinese origin
    - Hyangak – Native Korean court music
    - Yeominrak – A representative piece of Korean royal court music
    - Sujecheon – Famous instrumental piece of Korean court music
  - Literati and Chamber Music
    - Gagok – Lyrical, refined vocal music accompanied by traditional chamber ensemble
    - Jeongga – General term for refined vocal music of the upper classes
  - Folk-Based Classical Forms
    - Pansori – Narrative singing accompanied by a drum, elevated to a classical art form
    - Sanjo – Instrumental solo accompanied by drum, considered a pinnacle of Korean classical instrumental music
  - Instruments (관악기/현악기/타악기)
    - String Instruments
      - Gayageum (伽倻琴, 가야금) – 12-string zither
      - Geomungo – 6-string zither with a deeper sound
      - Haegum – Two-stringed vertical fiddle
    - Wind Instruments
      - Daegeum – Large transverse bamboo flute with a buzzing membrane
      - Piri – Double-reed bamboo oboe-like instrument
      - Taepyeongso – Loud double-reed conical oboe
    - Percussion Instruments
      - Janggu – Hourglass-shaped drum
      - Buk – Barrel drum
      - Kkwaenggwari – Small handheld gong
      - Jing – Larger gong
- China (中國, 중국)
  - Court and Ritual Music
    - Yayue – Elegant music performed in imperial courts and Confucian temples
    - Zhou and Han ritual music – Early dynastic ceremonial music forming the foundation of Chinese classical tradition
  - Scholarly and Literati Traditions
    - Guqin (古琴, 고금) – Seven-string fretless zither associated with scholars, Confucians, Daoists
    - Guqin repertoire – Known for ancient pieces like “Guangling San”, “Flowing Water (Liu Shui)”
  - Regional Classical Operas and Genres (Seen as part of classical tradition)
    - Kunqu Opera – One of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera, highly refined
    - Jingju – Classical Beijing opera (though more recent, still rooted in classical traditions)
  - Instrumental Traditions
    - String Instruments (Plucked)
      - Guzheng (古箏, 고쟁) – 21-string zither with movable bridges
      - Pipa (琵琶, 비파) – Pear-shaped lute
      - Ruan – Moon-shaped lute
      - Sanxian – Three-stringed fretless lute
      - Liuqin – Small mandolin-like lute
    - Bowed String Instruments
      - Erhu – Two-stringed fiddle widely used in classical and folk styles
      - Zhonghu – Lower-pitched cousin of the erhu
      - Gaohu – Higher-pitched fiddle used in Cantonese music
    - Wind Instruments
      - Xiao – End-blown bamboo flute
      - Dizi – Transverse bamboo flute with a membrane hole
      - Sheng – Free-reed mouth organ
      - Suona – Loud double-reed horn
      - Guan – Cylindrical double-reed pipe
    - Percussion Instruments
      - Bianzhong – Bronze chime bells of ancient China
      - Bianqing – Chime stones
      - Gongs, cymbals, drums (Tanggu, Daluo, Xiaoluo), and clappers forming classical percussion ensembles
- Japan (日本, 일본)
  - Court and Ritual Music (雅楽, Gagaku)
    - Gagaku – Imperial court music tradition including:
      - Bugaku – Court dance music
      - Kuniburi no Utamai – Indigenous Shinto ritual songs and dances
    - Instruments of Gagaku
      - Shō – Free-reed mouth organ
      - Hichiriki – Short double-reed pipe
      - Ryūteki – Transverse bamboo flute
      - Biwa – Four-stringed lute used in court music (Gaku-biwa)
      - Koto – 13-string zither used in gagaku and later chamber music
      - Taiko – Drums of various sizes for court and shrine music
  - Buddhist Chanting and Sacred Music
    - Shōmyō – Buddhist liturgical chanting
  - Theatre and Vocal Music
    - Noh theatre music – Subtle ensemble of flute and drums accompanying chanted drama
    - Heikyoku – Biwa-accompanied recitation of The Tale of the Heike
  - Chamber Music and Artistic Genres
    - Sankyoku – Ensemble of koto, shamisen, and shakuhachi
    - Sokyoku (箏曲, 쟁곡) – Koto music, often combined with shamisen and voice
    - Shakuhachi – End-blown bamboo flute, linked to Zen meditation (komusō monks)
    - Shamisen – Three-stringed lute used in a range of classical genres (Jiuta, Nagauta)
    - Gidayū-bushi – Chanted narrative style for Bunraku puppet theatre
- Other East Asian Traditions
  - Mongolian Court and Classical Music
    - Historical Mongolian liturgical and court songs – Oral tradition preserved in Mongol royal courts
    - Morin Khuur – Horse-head fiddle, iconic Mongolian bowed instrument
    - Urtyn Duu – Ancient form of Mongolian extended vocal performance with wide vocal range
  - Ryukyuan/Okinawan Court Music
    - Ryūkyūan court music – Classical tradition influenced by both Japanese gagaku and Chinese court music
    - Sanshin – Three-stringed lute used in classical Ryukyuan music
  - Influences in Vietnam (While culturally closer to Southeast Asia, historically influenced by Chinese music theory)
    - Nhã nhạc – Vietnamese court music of the Huế court, influenced by Chinese yayue
    - Đàn tranh – Zither similar to the guzheng/koto
    - Đàn bầu – Monochord instrument with subtle tonal inflections
- Additional Classical Themes and Genres
  - Ritual and Ancestral Ceremonies
    - Confucian temple music in China, Korea, Vietnam
    - Shinto shrine kagura performances in Japan
  - Scholarly and Solo Repertoires
    - Guqin solo repertoire (China)
    - Geomungo sanjo and gayageum sanjo (Korea)
    - Shakuhachi honkyoku pieces (Japan)
  - Ensemble and Orchestral Traditions
    - Jingju orchestra (China)
    - Gagaku orchestra (Japan)
    - Jeongak court ensemble (Korea)
- Music Notation Systems
  - Gongchepu – Chinese traditional notation
  - Jeongganbo – Korean notation system for pitches and rhythms
  - Kunkunshi – Ryukyuan/Okinawan koto and sanshin notation
  - Various mnemonic and oral transmission techniques in Noh, gagaku, and qin playing

Western Classical Music
- Medieval (c. 500–1400)
  - Gregorian Chant – Monophonic sacred chant of the Western Roman Catholic Church
  - Other Latin liturgical traditions: Ambrosian chant, Mozarabic chant, Gallican chant
  - Early polyphony and organum – e.g. Léonin and Pérotin of the Notre Dame School
  - Secular monophony – Troubadour and Trouvère songs in France, Minnesänger in Germany
- Renaissance (c. 1400–1600)
  - Polyphonic vocal music – Mass (Missa), Motet, Chanson, Madrigal
  - Franco-Flemish School: Guillaume Du Fay, Johannes Ockeghem, Josquin des Prez
  - Roman School: Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (model of Catholic church music)
  - Venetian School: Giovanni Gabrieli (polychoral style)
  - Refined counterpoint theory (e.g. Gioseffo Zarlino)
- Baroque (c. 1600–1750)
  - Early Baroque: Claudio Monteverdi (transitional figure from Renaissance to Baroque, opera “L’Orfeo”)
  - Opera’s beginnings in Italy: Florentine Camerata, Jacopo Peri, Giulio Caccini
  - French Baroque: Jean-Baptiste Lully, François Couperin
  - German Baroque: Heinrich Schütz, Dietrich Buxtehude
  - High Baroque masters:
    - Johann Sebastian Bach – Cantatas, passions, fugues, “Well-Tempered Clavier”
    - George Frideric Handel – Oratorios (“Messiah”), operas, instrumental works
    - Antonio Vivaldi – Violin concertos (“The Four Seasons”)
  - Development of tonal harmony, basso continuo, dance suites
- Classical (c. 1750–1820)
  - Viennese Classicism:
    - Joseph Haydn – The “father” of the symphony and string quartet
    - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Operas, symphonies, concertos, chamber music
    - Ludwig van Beethoven (early period) – Transitional figure from Classical to Romantic
  - Rise of instrumental genres: Symphony, String Quartet, Sonata, Concerto
  - Sonata form, balance, clarity, and public concerts
  - Christoph Willibald Gluck – Opera reform
- Romantic (c. 1820–1900)
  - Expansion of emotional expression, chromaticism, larger orchestras
  - Early Romantics: Franz Schubert, Carl Maria von Weber, Felix Mendelssohn, Frédéric Chopin, Robert Schumann, Hector Berlioz (program symphony)
  - High Romantics:
    - Richard Wagner – Music dramas, leitmotifs
    - Giuseppe Verdi – Italian opera
    - Johannes Brahms – Absolute music (symphonies, chamber works)
    - Franz Liszt – Virtuosic piano works, symphonic poems
    - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Russian symphonies, ballets
    - Anton Bruckner – Grand symphonies
  - Nationalism in music: Bedřich Smetana, Antonín Dvořák, Modest Mussorgsky, Edvard Grieg, Jean Sibelius
  - Late Romantic trends leading towards more complex harmonies and expanded forms
Genres, Forms, and Styles (up to the Romantic era)
- Sacred Music Forms
  - Mass (Ordinary and Proper), Requiem, Motet, Cantata, Passion, Oratorio
  - Choral anthems, Lutheran chorales, Catholic liturgical music
- Secular Vocal Forms
  - Opera – Developed from early Baroque through Classical to grand Romantic operas
  - Art Song / Lied – Prominent in the Romantic era (Schubert, Schumann, Brahms), French chanson and mélodie
  - Madrigal, Chanson, Partsong – Renaissance secular vocal music
- Instrumental Forms
  - Symphony – Emerged in the Classical era, expanded in the Romantic
  - Concerto – Baroque concerto grosso to Classical solo concerto, extended in the Romantic era
  - Sonata – Keyboard and instrumental sonatas in Classical and Romantic eras
  - String Quartet, Trio, Quintet – Chamber music tradition
  - Suite, Partita, Overture, Symphonic Poem (Romantic programmatic form)
  - Dance forms: Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue (Baroque suites), Minuet and Trio (Classical), Waltz, Mazurka, Polonaise (Romantic character dances)
Performance Contexts and Ensembles
- Orchestras (Codified during Classical and Romantic periods)
- Chamber ensembles (string quartets, piano trios)
- Opera companies and court opera houses
- Church choirs and cathedral music establishments
- Noble and bourgeois salon concerts in 18th and 19th centuries
Instruments and Instrumental Families (Pre-20th Century)
- Strings: Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass
- Early strings: Lute, Viole da gamba
- Keyboards: Piano (Classical and Romantic), Harpsichord (Renaissance/Baroque), Organ
- Woodwinds: Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon, Recorder (earlier periods)
- Brass: Horn, Trumpet, Trombone (Sackbut in earlier forms), Natural Horn
- Percussion: Timpani, occasional use of other percussion in Romantic works
Theory, Notation, and Treatises
- Medieval and Renaissance Theorists: Guido d’Arezzo (solmization), Johannes Tinctoris, Gioseffo Zarlino
- Baroque and Classical Theory: Figured bass, thoroughbass; Jean-Philippe Rameau (Treatise on Harmony)
- Staff notation and mensural notation developed in Medieval/Renaissance, printing in the Renaissance
- 19th-century Tonal Harmony Theory: Pre-Schenkerian approaches to voice-leading and functional harmony
Influential Institutions and Patrons (before 1900)
- Church (Medieval, Renaissance patronage)
- Royal Courts and Aristocracy (Baroque, Classical)
- Rise of Public Concerts (Classical) and Middle-Class Audiences (Romantic)
- Conservatories and Academies emerging in the 19th century
Additional Movements and Influences (before 1900)
- Ars Nova in Medieval France (Machaut)
- Camerata in Florence initiating early opera
- Mannheim School (pre-Classical orchestral style)
- Folk influences and Nationalistic trends in the Romantic era
- Early music revival began in the late 19th century, though fully blossoming in the 20th century

Traditional Medicine (古醫書, 고의서)

East Asian Medical Traditions
- Chinese Medicine (中醫)
  - Foundational Texts
    - Huangdi Neijing (黃帝內經) - The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon – Foundational text of Chinese medicine, comprising Suwen (素問) and Lingshu (靈樞).
    - Nanjing (難經) - Classic of Difficult Issues – Commentary and elucidation of the Huangdi Neijing.
    - Shanghan Lun (傷寒論) - Treatise on Cold Damage and Jingui Yaolue (金匱要略) - Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet by Zhang Zhongjing.
    - Shennong Bencao Jing (神農本草經) - Divine Farmer’s Classic of Materia Medica – Earliest known pharmacopoeia in China.
  - Later Dynastic Texts
    - Zhouhou Beiji Fang (肘後備急方) by Ge Hong – Emergency prescriptions.
    - Zhenjiu Dacheng (鍼灸大成) by Yang Jizhou – Comprehensive compilation on acupuncture and moxibustion.
    - Beiji Qianjin Yaofang (備急千金要方) & Qianjin Yifang (千金翼方) by Sun Simiao – Influential Tang dynasty medical compendia.
    - Bencao Gangmu (本草綱目) by Li Shizhen – Definitive Ming dynasty materia medica with thousands of substances.
    - Yilin Gaicuo (醫林改錯) by Wang Qingren – Qing dynasty work emphasizing blood stasis.
  - Specialty Texts
    - Dongyuan Shishu (東垣十書) – Works by Li Dongyuan focusing on spleen and stomach theory.
    - Wenbing Xue (溫病學) - Warm disease theory: Wenre Lun (溫熱論) by Ye Tianshi, and Wenbing Tiaobian (溫病條辨) by Wu Jutong.
- Korean Medicine (韓醫)
  - Hyangyak Jipseongbang (鄕藥集成方) – Korean herbal formula compendium compiled under King Sejong.
  - Uibang Yuuchwi (醫方類聚) – Extensive Korean medical encyclopedia from the Joseon period.
  - Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑) by Heo Jun – Landmark Joseon dynasty medical text, synthesizing Chinese and Korean traditions. Donguibogam: Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine (東醫寶鑑, 동의보감)
    - 한약자원연구센터 (kiom.re.kr) (e.g. https://herba.kr/boncho/?m=view&t=dict&id=8737)
  - Byeogon Shinbang (辟瘟新方) – Treatises on epidemic diseases.
- Japanese Medicine (和方)
  - Ishinpō (醫心方) by Tamba Yasuyori – Oldest surviving Japanese medical text, strongly influenced by Chinese medicine.
  - Later Kanpō (漢方) commentaries and collections of formulas influenced by Chinese classics.
- Mongolian and Tibetan Medicine
  - Gyüshi (rGyud-bZhi) - The Four Tantras – Foundation of Tibetan medical knowledge.
  - Mongolian medical treatises often based on Tibetan and Chinese traditions, e.g., translations of rGyud-bZhi and pharmacopoeias.
South Asian Medical Traditions
- Ayurveda (India)
  - Foundational Samhitas
    - Charaka Samhita – Classic Ayurveda text on internal medicine (Kayachikitsa).
    - Sushruta Samhita – Foundational surgical and anatomical text in Ayurveda.
    - Ashtanga Hridaya and Ashtanga Sangraha by Vagbhata – Comprehensive Ayurvedic treatises summarizing earlier works.
  - Additional and Regional Texts
    - Madhava Nidana – Important diagnostic compendium.
    - Bhava Prakash – Ayurveda materia medica and theory of Dravya (substances).
    - Ancient Rig Veda and Atharva Veda references to healing herbs and rituals.
- Siddha (South India)
  - Agathiyar Gunavakadam and other texts attributed to Siddhars focusing on herbal remedies, alchemy, and longevity.
- Unani (Greco-Arabic tradition in India)
  - Works influenced by Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna’s Canon, adapted into the South Asian milieu.
Middle Eastern and Greco-Roman Medical Traditions
- Ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian
  - Ebers Papyrus – Ancient Egyptian medical papyrus with herbal remedies.
  - Edwin Smith Papyrus – Surgical cases, anatomical observations.
- Greco-Roman Tradition
  - Hippocratic Corpus – The foundation of Western medical thought.
  - Galen of Pergamon – Extensive treatises on anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and theory of the humors.
  - De Materia Medica by Dioscorides – Influential herbal pharmacopoeia.
- Persian and Islamic Golden Age Medicine
  - The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb) by Avicenna (Ibn Sina) – Authoritative medieval medical encyclopedia synthesizing Greek and Islamic knowledge.
  - Al-Razi (Rhazes) works – “Al-Hawi” (Comprehensive Book), treatises on measles, smallpox.
  - Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas)’s Kitab al-Malaki – Another influential medical compendium.
  - Ibn al-Nafis – Commentary on the Canon, early description of pulmonary circulation.
  - Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Ibn Masawayh – Translators and compilers of Greek medical texts into Arabic.
African Traditions
- Ancient and Coptic medical traditions recorded in papyri and inscriptions.
- Ethiopian medical manuscripts (often Christian-influenced) combining herbal remedies and prayers.
- Griotic and oral traditions in West Africa preserved knowledge of medicinal plants and healing rituals, though few written “classics” predate colonial eras.
Mesoamerican and South American Traditions
- Aztec and Maya herbal codices
  - Badianus Manuscript (Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis) – Aztec herbal remedies recorded post-conquest.
  - Maya Dresden Codex contains references to rituals and medicinal plants.
- Incan Quipus (knotted cords) and chroniclers’ records (e.g., Huarochirí Manuscript) contain references to healing rituals, though less “textual” in a traditional sense.
European Medieval and Renaissance Tradition
- European Herbals and Materia Medica (Pre-Modern)
  - Hildegard of Bingen’s Physica – Medieval European medical and herbal treatise.
  - Circa Instans (Platearius) – Salerno medical school herbals.
  - Paracelsus – Renaissance physician-alchemist, works bridging medieval and early modern thought.
- Monastic medicinal manuscripts and hospital records preserving Greco-Roman medical knowledge.
Additional Influential Texts and Pharmacopoeias
- Traditional Pharmacopoeias
  - Tang Materia Medica (China)
  - Later dynastic and regional materia medicas: Zhenghe Bencao, Hyangyak Chaecheuk Wolyeong (Korea)
- Across Cultural Exchanges
  - Islamic translations of Galen and Hippocrates contributed back into Europe (in Latin translations) – e.g. Constantinus Africanus at Salerno.
  - Jesuit missionary records and European travelers’ manuscripts documenting Asian and American medicinal plants.
- Oral to Written Transitions
  - Many traditions were originally oral (e.g., African, Oceanian, Indigenous Americas), and only recorded by colonizers or missionaries, or transcribed into written form much later. While not “classical” books, these collected works form corpora of traditional medical knowledge.

Traditional Architecture (古建築, 고건축/전통건축)

Reference notes
- Korea (韓國, 한국)
- China (中國, 중국)
  - http://english.cri.cn/12474/2014/06/24/167s833048.htm
- Japan (日本, 일본)
  - https://www.japan-talk.com/jt/new/japanese-houses

Ancient architecture
- Gaya (伽倻, 가야)

Language Learning

Development

Databases
- Oracle
Development
- Marmoi
- D3.js
- Ruby
- Semantic web
- Solid
- Flutter
- Web development
Networking
- Networking
- VPN
- Pi-hole
- Nginx
- HTTP/2
- HTTP/3
Drivers

More development related contents are available via WIP

Ministry

교회사역 관련 자료 (Ministry Resources)
Missions (宣敎, 선교)
日本キリスト教
Bibles (聖經, 성경)
Bible reading plans (聖經閱讀計劃表, 성경읽기표)
- [1year.html 관주성경사이트 읽기표]
- 분당우리교회 읽기표
- Tyndale 일년 읽기표
Devotionals (敬虔文書, 경건문서)
- 오스왈드 챔버스作《주님은 나의 최고봉》現況進行中 (오늘의 글 읽기)
- 오스왈드 챔버스作《제자를 위한 매일의 생각》現況進行中
- 토마스 아 켐피스作《그리스도를 본받아》現況進行中
Common misunderstandings (反管窺蠡測 일반적인 오해)

Miscellaneous

Virtual meetings
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Personal
- Coffee
Tragedy of modernity
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Development
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WIP

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Latest revision as of 13:29, 10 December 2024

Contents

Classical Literature (古典文學 고전문학)

East Asian Confucian Classics (東洋儒敎古文 동양유교고문)

Notes

Classical Education/Arts (古藝, 고예)

Eastern (東)

Western (西)

Classical Music (古樂, 고악)

Traditional Medicine (古醫書, 고의서)

Traditional Architecture (古建築, 고건축/전통건축)

Language Learning

Development

Ministry

Miscellaneous

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 == Classical Literature (古典文學 고전문학) ==
-* East Asian Confucian Classics (東洋儒敎古文 동양유교고문)
+=== East Asian Confucian Classics (東洋儒敎古文 동양유교고문) ===
 ** Beginning educational texts (初學 초학)
 *** [[삼자경|Three Character Classic (三字經 삼자경)]] <span class="badge blabel">現況</span><span class="badge bdata bggreen">進行中, 開始日 2024-02-20</span>
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 ** [[고사성어|East Asian Idioms based on Old Stories (故事成語, 고사성어)]] <span class="badge blabel">現況</span><span class="badge bdata bggreen">進行中</span>
 ** [[漢字|Classical Chinese Characters (漢字, 한자)]] <span class="badge blabel">現況</span><span class="badge bdata bggreen">槪念化</span>
-<hr/>
+** [[Classical Literature|Other classics]]
-* Other East Asian Classics (東亞古典 동아고전)
-** Chinese Classics (中國古典)
-*** (All of the aforementioned Confucian classics above)
-*** Other Confucian and Philosophical Classics
-**** [[순자|Xunzi (荀子)]]
-**** [[한비자|Han Feizi (韓非子)]]
-**** [[대학연의|Daxue Yan Yi (大學衍義) by Zhu Xi]]
-*** Daoist Classics
-**** [[노자 도덕경|Daodejing (道德經) by Laozi]]
-**** [[장자|Zhuangzi (莊子)]]
-**** [[열자|Liezi (列子)]] and other Daoist texts
-*** Historical Works
-**** [[사기|Shiji (史記) by Sima Qian]] – Foundational grand history of China
-**** [[한서|Hanshu (漢書)]], [[후한서|Hou Hanshu (後漢書)]], [[삼국지|Sanguozhi (三國志)]] – Key standard histories (정사)
-**** [[자치통감|Zizhi Tongjian (資治通鑑)]] by Sima Guang – General chronicle of Chinese history
-*** Literary and Poetic Masterpieces
-**** [[초사|Chuci (楚辭)]] – The Songs of Chu (Qu Yuan’s poetry)
-**** [[당시 선집|Tang Poetry (唐詩)]], e.g. Li Bai, Du Fu, Wang Wei
-**** [[송사|Song Ci (宋詞)]] – Song Dynasty lyric poetry (Su Shi, Li Qingzhao)
-*** Other Classic Works
-**** [[황제내경|Huangdi Neijing (黃帝內經)]] – Foundational Chinese medical text
-**** [[제자백가|Writings of the Hundred Schools of Thought]] – Mozi, Guanzi, Lüshi Chunqiu
-**** Encyclopedic compendia like [[태평광기|Taiping Guangji]] and [[태평어람|Taiping Yulan]]
-** Japanese Classics (日本古典)
-*** Mythological and Historical Records
-**** [[고지키|Kojiki (古事記)]] – Records of Ancient Matters
-**** [[니혼쇼키|Nihon Shoki (日本書紀)]] – Chronicles of Japan
-**** [[후도키|Fudoki (風土記)]] – Regional gazetteers detailing geography and folklore
-*** Literary Masterpieces
-**** [[만엽집|Man’yōshū (萬葉集)]] – Oldest extant collection of Japanese poetry
-**** [[겐지 이야기|The Tale of Genji (源氏物語) by Murasaki Shikibu]]
-**** [[헤이케 이야기|The Tale of the Heike (平家物語)]] – Epic war tale
-**** [[고킨와카슈|Kokin Wakashū (古今和歌集)]] – Imperial poetry anthology
-*** Court and Cultural Texts
-**** [[마쿠라노소시|The Pillow Book (枕草子) by Sei Shōnagon]]
-**** [[혼초 몬주|Honchō monzui]] – Literary anthology
-*** Buddhist and Philosophical Works
-**** [[쇼보겐조|Shōbōgenzō (正法眼藏) by Dōgen]] – Zen Buddhist classic
-**** Commentaries on [[법화경|Lotus Sutra]] and other sutras in Sino-Japanese canon
-*** Medieval and Edo Period Writings
-**** [[도겐 에이헤이 고로쿠|Eihei Kōroku]] and other Zen texts
-**** [[츠레즈레구사|Tsurezuregusa (徒然草) by Yoshida Kenkō]] – Essays in Idleness
-**** [[에도 시대 하이쿠|Haikai and Haiku poetry collections]] – Matsuo Bashō, Buson, Issa
-** Korean Classics (韓國古典)
-*** Historical Records and Chronicles
-**** [[삼국사기|Samguk Sagi (三國史記)]] – Oldest extant Korean historical record
-**** [[삼국유사|Samguk Yusa (三國遺事)]] – Collection of legends, folktales, and historical accounts
-**** [[고려사|Goryeosa (高麗史)]] – Official history of the Goryeo Dynasty
-**** [[조선왕조실록|Joseon Wangjo Sillok (朝鮮王朝實錄)]] – Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
-*** Confucian and Educational Texts
-**** [[소학|Sohak (小學)]] – Basic Confucian primer
-**** [[사자소학|Saja Sohak (四字小學)]] – Four-character elementary learning text
-**** [[격몽요결|Gyeokmong Yogyul (擊蒙要訣)]] by Yi I (Yulgok) – Guide to Confucian learning
-*** Literary and Poetic Masterpieces
-**** [[용비어천가|Yongbi Eocheonga (龍飛御天歌)]] – Royal song in hangul celebrating the Joseon founders
-**** [[월인천강지곡|Worin Cheon’gang Jigok (月印千江之曲)]] – Buddhist verse in hangul by King Sejong
-**** [[가전체 문학|Gajeonche literature]] – Didactic tales personifying objects (e.g. Geumo Sinhwa by Kim Si-seup)
-**** [[시조|Sijo poetry]] – Classical Korean poetic form
-*** Philosophical and Religious Works
-**** [[퇴계 문집|Collected Works of Yi Hwang (Toegye)]], [[율곡 문집|Collected Works of Yi I (Yulgok)]] – Neo-Confucian scholarship
-**** [[불교 경전 번역|Korean Buddhist canons]] – Tripitaka Koreana (팔만대장경), woodblock printed
-*** Miscellany
-**** [[훈민정음 해례본|Hunminjeongeum (訓民正音)]] – Original promulgation of the Korean alphabet
-**** [[의방유취|Uibang Yuuchwi (醫方類聚)]] – Medical encyclopedia of Joseon Korea
-**** [[동몽선습|Dongmong Seonseup (童蒙先習)]] – Elementary textbook
-** Mongolian and Other East Asian Traditions
-*** Mongolian
-**** [[몽골비사|The Secret History of the Mongols]] – Key epic narrative of Mongol origins and Chinggis Khan’s life
-**** [[칭기스 칸 법전|Yassa (Mongol law code)]] – Although not fully extant, its influence is legendary
-**** Mongolian Buddhist translations and commentaries derived from Tibetan canons
-*** Other Influences and Interactions
-**** [[요와 금의 문학|Khitan (Liao) and Jurchen (Jin) inscriptions and texts]] – Fragments of early non-Han East Asian states
-**** [[류큐 구전|Ryukyuan songs and legends]] – Oral traditions from the Ryukyu Kingdom (Okinawa)
-**** [[만주 문헌|Manchu script chronicles]] – Jurchen/Manchu histories like the Manchu Veritable Records of the Qing Dynasty
-** Additional East Asian Cultural and Intellectual Heritage
-*** Literary Anthologies and Encyclopedias
-**** [[문선|Wenxuan (文選)]] – Chinese literary anthology widely read in East Asia
-**** [[사가정 저술|Works of notable Confucian scholars spread across East Asia]]
-*** Religious Canonical Works
-**** Chinese Buddhist Canon (대장경, Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō) and its influence on Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese literati
-*** Oral Traditions and Folk Epics
-**** [[판소리|Korean Pansori tales]] (later transcribed)
-**** [[일본 신화|Japanese Kagura songs and oral Shinto myths]] that predate written records
-<hr/>
-* Western Classics (西洋古典 서양고전)
-** Ancient Greek Epics and Poetry
-*** [[일리아스|The Iliad (Ἰλιάς) by Homer]]
-*** [[오디세이아|The Odyssey (Ὀδύσσεια) by Homer]]
-*** [[아이네이스|The Aeneid (Aeneis) by Virgil]]
-*** [[헤시오도스 신들의 계보|Theogony (Θεογονία) by Hesiod]]
-*** [[핀다로스|Odes (ἐπινίκια) by Pindar]]
-** Ancient Greek Drama
-*** [[아이스킬로스|Works of Aeschylus (아이스킬로스)]]
-*** [[소포클레스|Works of Sophocles (소포클레스)]]
-*** [[에우리피데스|Works of Euripides (에우리피데스)]]
-*** [[아리스토파네스|Works of Aristophanes (아리스토파네스)]]
-** Greek Philosophical and Historical Works
-*** Pre-Socratic fragments (e.g., [[헤라클레이토스|Heraclitus]], [[파르메니데스|Parmenides]])
-*** [[플라톤 작품집|Works of Plato (Πλάτων)]]
-*** [[소크라테스|Socratic dialogues]] (via Plato and Xenophon)
-*** [[아리스토텔레스 작품집|Works of Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης)]]
-*** [[헤로도토스 역사|Histories (Ἱστορίαι) by Herodotus]]
-*** [[투키디데스 펠로폰네소스 전쟁사|History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides (Θουκυδίδης)]]
-*** [[폴리비오스 역사|The Histories by Polybius]]
-** Roman Classics (Epics, Poetry, and Prose)
-*** [[아이네이스|The Aeneid by Virgil (Vergilius)]]
-*** [[오비디우스 변신이야기|Metamorphoses by Ovid (Ovidius)]]
-*** [[호라티우스 시|Odes and Epodes by Horace (Horatius)]]
-*** [[키케로 작품집|Speeches and Philosophical Works by Cicero (Cicero)]]
-*** [[리비우스 로마사|Ab Urbe Condita by Livy]]
-*** [[타키투스 역사|Annals and Histories by Tacitus]]
-*** [[세네카|Works of Seneca (Seneca the Younger)]]
-** Canonical Religious Texts
-*** [[히브리 성경/구약|Hebrew Bible / Old Testament]]
-*** [[신약성경|New Testament]]
-*** [[아우구스티누스 고백록|Confessions (Confessiones) by Augustine of Hippo]]
-*** [[아우구스티누스 도시의 신에 대하여|City of God (De Civitate Dei) by Augustine]]
-** Medieval Western Classics
-*** [[신곡|The Divine Comedy (La Divina Commedia) by Dante Alighieri]]
-*** [[고백록|Confessions (Confessiones) by Augustine of Hippo]]
-*** [[도시의 신에 대하여|City of God (De Civitate Dei) by Augustine of Hippo]]
-*** [[베어울프|Beowulf]]
-*** [[롤랑의 노래|The Song of Roland (La Chanson de Roland)]]
-*** [[중세 기사 문학|Arthurian Romances (Chrétien de Troyes)]]
-*** [[캔터베리 이야기|The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer]]
-** Early Modern Western Classics
-*** [[돈키호테|Don Quixote (El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha) by Miguel de Cervantes]]
-*** [[몽테뉴 수상록|Essays (Les Essais) by Michel de Montaigne]]
-*** [[셰익스피어 전집|Complete Works of William Shakespeare]]
-*** [[마키아벨리 군주론|The Prince (Il Principe) by Niccolò Machiavelli]]
-*** [[밀턴 실낙원|Paradise Lost by John Milton]]
-** Additional Influential Texts
-*** [[오비디우스 변신이야기|Metamorphoses by Ovid]]
-*** [[보카치오 데카메론|The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio]]
-*** [[토마스 아퀴나스 신학대전|Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas]]
-<hr/>
-* South Asian Classics (남아시아 고전)
-** Vedic and Upanishadic Literature
-*** [[베다|The Vedas]] (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, Atharvaveda)
-*** [[우파니샤드|The Upanishads]] (e.g., Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya)
-*** [[브라흐마나|The Brāhmaṇas]] and [[아란야카|Āraṇyakas]]
-** Epic and Itihasa Traditions
-*** [[마하바라타|The Mahabharata]]
-*** [[라마야나|The Ramayana]]
-*** [[바가바드 기타|The Bhagavad Gita]] (within the Mahabharata)
-*** [[푸라나|The Puranas]] (e.g., Vishnu Purana, Bhagavata Purana)
-** Sanskrit Poetry, Drama, and Classical Works
-*** [[칼리다사 샤쿤탈라|Abhijñānaśākuntalam by Kālidāsa]]
-*** [[칼리다사|Works of Kālidāsa]] (e.g., Meghadūta, Kumārasambhava)
-*** [[바나바타|Works of Bāṇabhaṭṭa]] (e.g., Harṣacarita, Kādambarī)
-*** [[판차탄트라|Pañcatantra]]
-*** [[키르타르주니야|Kirātārjunīya by Bhāravi]]
-*** [[시슈팔바다|Śiśupālavadha by Māgha]]
-** Philosophical and Dharmic Texts
-*** [[아르타샤스트라|Arthashastra by Kauṭilya]]
-*** [[마누스므리티|Manusmṛti (The Laws of Manu)]]
-*** [[니티샤스트라|Nītiśāstra (various treatises on ethics and governance)]]
-** Buddhist and Jain Classics
-*** [[티리피타카|Tripiṭaka (Pali Canon)]] – Sutta Piṭaka, Vinaya Piṭaka, Abhidhamma Piṭaka
-*** [[밀린다 팡하|Milinda Pañha (Questions of King Milinda)]]
-*** [[자타카|Jātakas (Buddhist birth stories)]]
-*** [[자이나교 아가마|Jain Agamas]] (Śvētāmbara and Digambara traditions)
-** Grammar, Linguistics, and Science
-*** [[파니니 아슈타드야이|Aṣṭādhyāyī by Pāṇini]] (Sanskrit grammar)
-*** [[아마라코샤|Amarakosha]] (Sanskrit lexicon)
-*** [[수슈루타|Suśruta Saṃhitā]] (ancient Indian medical treatise)
-*** [[짜라카|Caraka Saṃhitā]] (another key medical text)
-*** [[바스카라|Works of Bhāskara, Āryabhaṭṭa]] (astronomy & mathematics)
-** Regional Literatures (Tamil and Other Indian Languages)
-*** [[상감문학|Tamil Sangam literature]] (e.g., Ettuthogai, Pattupāṭṭu)
-*** [[실라파티카람|Silappatikaram]] (Tamil epic)
-*** [[마니메칼라이|Manimekalai]] (Tamil epic)
-*** [[티루쿠랄|Tirukkural by Tiruvalluvar]] (classical Tamil ethical treatise)
-** Bhakti and Devotional Classics
-*** [[깃타 고빈다|Gītagovinda by Jayadeva]]
-*** [[바크티 시|Bhakti poetry]] (e.g., works of Mirabai, Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas, Nammalvar)
-<hr/>
-* Middle Eastern Classics (중동 고전)
-** Ancient Mesopotamian and Near Eastern Literature
-*** [[길가메시 서사시|Epic of Gilgamesh]] (Sumerian/Akkadian)
-*** [[에누마 엘리쉬|Enūma Eliš]] (Babylonian creation epic)
-*** [[아트라하시스|Atra-Hasis]] (Akkadian flood story)
-*** [[함무라비 법전|Code of Hammurabi]] (Babylonian law code)
-*** [[이나나의 하계 하강|The Descent of Inanna]] (Sumerian myth)
-*** [[우가릿 문학|Ugaritic texts]] (e.g., Baal Cycle)
-** Ancient Egyptian Literature
-*** [[사자의 서|The Book of the Dead]]
-*** [[피라미드 텍스트|Pyramid Texts]] (Old Kingdom funerary texts)
-*** [[관문서|Coffin Texts]] (Middle Kingdom funerary texts)
-*** [[시누헤 이야기|The Tale of Sinuhe]]
-*** [[웨나몬 이야기|The Story of Wenamun]]
-** Hebrew and Judean Classics
-*** [[히브리 성경/구약|Hebrew Bible (Tanakh)]]
-*** [[탈무드|Talmud]] (Rabbinic literature)
-*** [[사해문서|Dead Sea Scrolls]] (Second Temple period texts)
-*** [[미슈나|Mishnah]] (Core of Rabbinic tradition)
-*** [[마이모니데스|The Guide for the Perplexed by Maimonides]] (Jewish philosophy)
-** Zoroastrian and Middle Persian Classics
-*** [[아베스타|Avesta]] (Zoroastrian scripture, including the Gathas of Zoroaster)
-*** [[분다히션|Bundahishn]] (Zoroastrian cosmogony text)
-*** [[다데스탄-이-데니그|Dādestān-ī Dēnīg]] (Zoroastrian religious questions and answers)
-** Persian Classics
-*** [[샤나메|Shahnameh (Book of Kings) by Ferdowsi]]
-*** [[굴리스탄 & 보스턴|Gulistan and Bustan by Saʿdī]]
-*** [[루미 마스나비|Mas̱navī by Jalāl ad-Dīn Rūmī]]
-*** [[하페즈 디완|Dīvān of Hāfez]]
-*** [[니잠|Khamsa (Quintet) by Nizāmī Ganjavī]]
-** Arabic and Islamic Classics
-*** [[꾸란|Qur’an]]
-*** [[하디스|Hadith Collections]] (e.g., Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim)
-*** [[무알라카트|The Mu‘allaqāt]] (Pre-Islamic Arabian odes)
-*** [[칼릴라 와 딤나|Kalīla wa Dimna]] (Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ’s translation/adaptation of Panchatantra)
-*** [[이븐 할둔 무깟디마|Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldun]]
-*** [[알마아리|The Epistle of Forgiveness (Risālat al-Ghufrān) by Al-Maʿarrī]]
-*** [[타우히드|Kitāb al-Tawḥīd by Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb]] (Theological literature, later period)
-*** [[피하리스 알나두임|Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadīm]] (10th-century catalogue of Arabic literature)
-** Syriac and Armenian Literature
-*** [[이프렘 시리아|Writings of Ephrem the Syrian]] (4th century Christian hymns/theology in Syriac)
-*** [[모브세스 호레나치|The History of the Armenians by Movses Khorenatsi]] (Armenian classic)
-** Later Ottoman and Turkish Classics
-*** [[메블라나 루미|Works of Rūmī (also listed under Persian) in Ottoman/Turkish adaptation]]
-*** [[피르데우시라|Divan poetry collections by Ottoman poets such as Fuzuli, Bâkî, Nefʿī]]
-*** [[이븐 아라비|Fusūs al-Ḥikam (The Bezels of Wisdom) by Ibn ‘Arabī]] (Andalusian/Levantine mystic tradition)
-** Additional Influential Texts and Genres
-*** [[이스라일 민담|Jewish Midrashic Literature]] (e.g., Midrash Rabbah)
-*** [[수피 문헌|Sufi treatises and poetry collections]] (e.g., ʿAttār’s Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr)
-*** [[중세 철학|Works of Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā) and Averroes (Ibn Rushd)]] (Philosophical classics)
-<hr/>
-* African Classics (아프리카 고전)
-** Ancient Egyptian Literature
-*** [[사자의 서|The Book of the Dead]] (Papyrus of Ani, etc.)
-*** [[피라미드 텍스트|Pyramid Texts]] (Old Kingdom funerary texts)
-*** [[관문서|Coffin Texts]] (Middle Kingdom funerary texts)
-*** [[시누헤 이야기|The Tale of Sinuhe]]
-*** [[웨나몬 이야기|The Story of Wenamun]]
-*** [[프타호텝 훈계문|Instruction of Ptahhotep]] (Old Kingdom wisdom literature)
-*** [[메리카레 훈계문|Instruction of Merikare]]
-** Ethiopian (Aksumite and Post-Aksumite) Literature
-*** [[케브라 나가스트|Kebra Nagast (The Glory of Kings)]]
-*** [[게에즈 성서|Ge’ez Bible]] (Ethiopic Bible, including the Book of Enoch)
-*** [[피다 네가스트|Fetha Nagast (Law of the Kings)]]
-*** [[게에즈 성인전|Ge’ez Hagiographical Texts]] (Lives of the saints and Ethiopian Orthodox traditions)
-*** Monastic and theological works from Ethiopian Christian tradition
-** Sahelian and West African Islamic Literature
-*** [[팀북투 사본|Timbuktu Manuscripts]] (Malian scholarly tradition: astronomy, medicine, history, jurisprudence)
-*** Works of Ahmed Baba, Abd al-Rahman al-Sa’di (e.g. Tarikh al-Sudan, Tarikh al-Fattash)
-*** [[성자들의 체계|Sufi treatises and religious poetry]] from West African Tijani and Qadiriyya scholars
-** Epic and Oral Traditions of West Africa
-*** [[순디아타 서사시|Epic of Sundiata]] (Mali/Mande tradition)
-*** [[마그한 코니 파마 전설|Mande Hunters’ Epics]] (e.g., Sunjata’s hunters’ predecessors)
-*** [[울리 세운자타 헌정|Jeli (Griot) oral traditions]] – praise poems, genealogies, proverbs
-*** [[요루바 이파 경전|Yoruba Ifá Divination Corpus]] (Odù Ifá)
-*** [[하우사 코랄|Hausa and Fulani oral epics and praise poems]]
-*** [[아칸 경구|Akan proverbs and Ananse tales (Ghana)]]
-** North African and Berber Traditions
-*** [[아랍어-베르베르 문헌|Berber oral poetry and folk tales]]
-*** Early Christian texts from the Church of Carthage (e.g., Tertullian’s Latin works)
-*** [[알제리 카빌 전설|Kabyle epics and oral narratives]]
-** Eastern African Traditions
-*** [[스와힐리 문학|Early Swahili poetry and prose]] (e.g., "Utendi wa Tambuka")
-*** [[소말리 시|Somali Oral Poetry (Gabay)]]
-*** [[동아프리카 장송가|East African historical and clan narratives]]
-** Central and Southern African Traditions
-*** [[이사앙가 전통|Luba and Lunda royal praise songs (Central Africa)]]
-*** [[쿠지잉가|Zambia’s oral histories and proverbs (Bemba, Lozi traditions)]]
-*** [[응가니 마사|Nganasan, Eastern Nilotic, and other oral epics along the Nile-Congo watershed]]
-*** [[줄루/코사구전 문학|Zulu and Xhosa Praise Poetry (Izibongo)]]
-** Additional Influential African Texts and Genres
-*** [[쿠시-메로에 문헌|Meroitic inscriptions and Nubian Christian texts]]
-*** [[이집트-누비아 주석서|Coptic literature (Gnostic texts, Apocrypha)]]
-*** [[암하라 전통가|Amharic folk tales and Qene (Ethiopian poetic genre)]]
-** Modern Written Classics with Ancient Roots (Transitional Works)
-*** [[올더스 헉슬리 작품들에 대한 반응 문헌|Early written records by African historians and chroniclers under colonial influence, reflecting older oral forms]]
-*** [[아라비아어를 통한 아프리카 문헌|Works by African scholars in Arabic from Nigeria, Chad, and Sudan continuing classical traditions]]
-<hr/>
-* Mesoamerican and South American Classics (메소아메리카 및 남아메리카 고전)
-** Mesoamerican Classics
-*** Maya
-**** [[포폴 부흐|Popol Vuh]] (Kʼicheʼ Maya creation myth, compiled in post-conquest era)
-**** [[칠람 발람|Chilam Balam]] (Yucatec Maya prophetic and historical books)
-**** [[드레스덴 코드|Dresden Codex]] (Maya hieroglyphic codex)
-**** [[마드리드 코드|Madrid Codex]] (Maya codex of rituals and divinatory material)
-**** [[파리 코드|Paris Codex]] (Maya astronomical and historical text)
-*** Aztec (Mexica) and Nahua Traditions
-**** [[플로렌스 코드|Florentine Codex]] (Compiled by Bernardino de Sahagún, documenting Nahua culture and literature)
-**** [[우이칠로포칠틀리 전승|Huei Tlamahuiçoltica and other Nahuatl annals]]
-**** [[보르보니쿠스 코드|Codex Borbonicus]] (Aztec divinatory manuscript)
-**** [[보르지아 코드|Codex Borgia]] (Ritual and divinatory Aztec manuscript)
-**** [[아즈텍 구전 문학|Huehuetlatolli]] (Collections of ancient Nahuatl speeches and moral discourses)
-*** Mixtec and Other Mesoamerican Cultures
-**** [[누틀라 코드|Codex Nuttall]] (Mixtec codex depicting genealogies and histories)
-**** [[셀든 코드|Codex Selden]] (Mixtec pictographic narrative)
-**** [[보톤 코드|Codex Bodley]] (Mixtec historical codex)
-**** [[멕시카/마야 전설|Regional oral traditions and annals recorded by colonial-era chroniclers]]
-** South American Classics
-*** Inca and Andean Traditions
-**** [[잉카 키푸|Quipus]] (Inca knotted string records, not a “book” but a data system used for historical and administrative knowledge)
-**** [[우아로치리 원고|Huarochirí Manuscript]] (Quechua religious and mythological traditions recorded in colonial times)
-**** [[비서니오스 문헌|Visitation documents, annals, and narratives recorded by early Spanish chroniclers, reflecting Inca lore]]
-**** [[잉카 가르실라소 데 라 베가|Royal Commentaries of the Incas (Comentarios Reales) by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega]] (a mestizo perspective blending Inca oral tradition with European forms)
-**** [[과만 포마|El Primer Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala]] (Andean worldview, history, and critique of colonial rule)
-*** Other Andean and South American Cultures
-**** [[치빈차 및 무이스카 전승|Muisca (Chibcha) myths and calendrical traditions]] (Colombia)
-**** [[아이마라 구전 문학|Aymara oral traditions]] (Bolivia/Peru)
-**** [[마푸체 구전 전통|Mapuche oral epics and heroic narratives]] (Chile/Argentina)
-**** [[구아라니 신화|Guaraní creation myths and epic narratives]] (Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina)
-**** [[케추아 및 아마존 지역 구전|Quechua and Amazonian tribal oral literature (myths, ritual chants)]]
-*** Colonial-Era Indigenous and Mestizo Chronicles
-**** [[페드로 시에사 데 레온|Crónicas del Perú by Pedro Cieza de León]] (Documenting Inca and other native traditions)
-**** [[후안 데 베탕소스|Narratives by Juan de Betanzos]] (Quechua language informant for Inca history)
-**** [[워크 정착지 문서|Local cabildo records, testaments, and narratives merging indigenous oral memory with Spanish script]]
-** Additional Mesoamerican and South American Texts
-*** [[마야 의식 및 달력비문|Stelae inscriptions, murals, and iconographic narratives]] (Classic Maya city-states: Tikal, Palenque, Copán)
-*** [[엔리케 델 카스틸로 연대기|Accounts by indigenous nobles and informants collaborating with Spanish chroniclers]]
-*** [[코이카나 대서사|Oral epic traditions of smaller Amazonian tribes (e.g., Yanomami, Shipibo, Asháninka)]]
-<hr/>
-* Classical Islamic World and Central Asia (이슬람 세계 및 중앙아시아 고전)
-** Foundational Islamic Texts
-*** [[꾸란|Qurʼan]] (Islam’s central religious text)
-*** [[하디스|Hadith Collections]] – Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Sunan Abī Dāwūd, Jāmiʿ at-Tirmidhī, etc.
-*** [[타프시르|Tafsīr literature]] (Qur’anic exegesis), e.g. Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī
-*** [[시라|Sīra (Prophetic biography) literature]] – Ibn Hishām, Ibn Isḥāq
-** Islamic Law and Theology
-*** [[피크 문헌|Fiqh manuals and legal commentaries]] – al-Risālah of al-Shāfiʿī, Mukhtaṣar al-Qudūrī
-*** [[칼람|Kalām (Islamic theology) works]] – al-Ashʿarī, al-Māturīdī treatises
-*** [[이맘 알가잘리|The Revival of the Religious Sciences (Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn) by Al-Ghazālī]]
-** Historical and Biographical Works
-*** [[앗타바리 역사|Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk (History of Prophets and Kings) by al-Ṭabarī]]
-*** [[이븐 할둔 무깟디마|Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldūn]]
-*** [[알마스우디 황금의 초원|Murūj al-Dhahab by al-Masʿūdī]]
-*** [[이븐 알아시르 알카밀|Al-Kāmil fī al-Taʾrīkh by Ibn al-Athīr]]
-*** [[바부르나마|Bāburnāma (Memoirs of Babur)]] – Reflecting the Timurid/Mughal transition from Central Asia to India
-** Persianate Literary and Intellectual Traditions
-*** [[샤나메|Shāhnāmeh (Book of Kings) by Ferdowsī]]
-*** [[루미 마스나비|Mas̱navī-yi Maʿnavī by Jalāl ad-Dīn Rūmī]]
-*** [[하페즈 디완|Dīvān of Hāfez]]
-*** [[굴리스탄 & 보스턴|Gulistān and Bustān by Saʿdī]]
-*** [[니자미 5부작|Khamsa (Quintet) by Niẓāmī Ganjavī]]
-*** [[아타르|Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr (Conference of the Birds) by ʿAṭṭār]]
-** Central Asian Intellectual Heritage
-*** [[알파라비|Works of al-Fārābī]] (Turkic philosopher, important in logic and metaphysics)
-*** [[이븐 시나|Works of Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna)]] – The Canon of Medicine (Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb), The Book of Healing (Kitāb al-Shifāʾ)
-*** [[알비루니|Works of al-Bīrūnī]] – Al-Āthār al-Bāqiyah (Chronology of Ancient Nations), Kitāb fī Taḥqīq mā li-l-Hind
-*** [[우마르 하이얌|Rubāʿiyyāt of Omar Khayyām]] (Philosophical quatrains)
-*** [[알자마크샤리|Al-Kashshāf by al-Zamakhsharī]] (Qur’anic commentary by a scholar from Khwarezm)
-*** [[압둘카디르 지라니|Sufi treatises by ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī]] – Central in spiritual literature
-** Sufi and Mystical Texts
-*** [[이븐 아라비|Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam (Bezels of Wisdom) by Ibn ʿArabī]]
-*** [[알하라위 타수프|Manāzil al-Sāʾirīn by Al-Harawī]] (Sufi path stations)
-*** [[바하우딘 나크쉬반드|Naqshbandīya Sufi order writings]] originating in Central Asia
-** Turkic and Chaghatai Literature
-*** [[알리 셰르 나보이|Works of ʿAlī Shīr Navāʾī]] (Chaghatai Turkic poet and mystic)
-*** [[마흐둠굴리 프라기|Poetry of Maxtumquli Pyragy]] (Turkmen poet, slightly later period but building on classical tradition)
-*** [[킷토병|Kutadgu Bilig by Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib]] (Wisdom literature from the Karakhanid period)
-*** [[디완 룻가트 알투르크|Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk by Maḥmūd al-Kāshgharī]] (Early Turkic dictionary and cultural compendium)
-** Arabic Literary Classics
-*** [[무알라카트|Muʿallaqāt (Pre-Islamic “Hanging Odes”)]]
-*** [[칼릴라 와 딤나|Kalīla wa Dimna]] (Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ’s Arabic adaptation of Indian fables)
-*** [[알자히즈 동물의 서|Kitāb al-Ḥayawān (Book of Animals) by al-Jāḥiẓ]]
-*** [[알하마다니|Maqāmāt (assemblies) by al-Hamadhānī and al-Ḥarīrī]] (Early Arabic prose narrative)
-*** [[이븐 투파일|Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān by Ibn Ṭufayl]] (Philosophical tale)
-** Scientific and Philosophical Works
-*** [[알킨디|Works of al-Kindī]] (Philosophy, mathematics, medicine)
-*** [[알하와리즘|Al-Khwārizmī’s Algebra (Al-Kitāb al-Mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wal-muqābala)]]
-*** [[이븐 알하이탐 광학서|Kitāb al-Manāẓir (Book of Optics) by Ibn al-Haytham]]
-*** [[알라지 관찰|Works of al-Rāzī (Rhazes)]] (Medicine, philosophy, alchemy)
-*** [[알주와이니|Works of al-Juwaynī and al-Ghazālī on theology and jurisprudence]]
-** Historical and Geographical Works from Central Asia and the Islamic World
-*** [[이븐 파들란 기행문|Ibn Faḍlān’s Risālah (travel account on the Volga Bulgars)]]
-*** [[이븐 바투타 여행기|The Riḥla (Travelogues) of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa]]
-*** [[알이 드리시 지도|Works of Al-Idrīsī]] (Geography)
-** Additional Cultural and Literary Heritage
-*** [[아불 파즐 베이다위 타프시르|Commentaries and literature by al-Bayḍāwī]] (Tafsir, theology)
-*** [[중앙아시아 및 이란 설화|Local oral narratives, heroic epics, and folk stories across Iranian and Turkic regions preserved in later manuscripts]]
-<hr/>
-* Classical Russian and Eastern European Traditions (러시아 및 동유럽 고전)
-** Early East Slavic and Kievan Rus’ Literature
-*** [[원초 연대기|The Primary Chronicle (Повесть временных лет)]] – Attributed to Nestor, a key source on early Rus’ history
-*** [[이고르 원정담|The Tale of Igor’s Campaign (Слово о полку Игореве)]] – Epic narrative poem of heroic struggle
-*** [[루스 초기 연대기|Novgorod and Pskov Chronicles]] – Regional annals detailing local history
-*** [[성도 전기|Hagiographies of early Rus’ Saints (e.g., Boris and Gleb)]]
-*** [[키릴과 메토디우스 번역문학|Old Church Slavonic translations of the Bible and liturgical texts by Saints Cyril and Methodius’ disciples]]
-** Church Slavonic and Orthodox Literary Traditions
-*** [[성서의 고대 슬라브어 번역|Old Church Slavonic Bible (Gospels, Psalter, and other scriptural texts)]]
-*** [[키릴 문헌|Didactic and homiletic literature (Слова, Poučenija) in Church Slavonic]]
-*** [[펠라기우스 전승|Apocrypha, Lives of saints, and moral treatises spread across Slavic lands]]
-*** [[헤시카즘 문헌|Hesychast and spiritual writings transmitted from Byzantine Orthodox monasticism to Eastern Europe]]
-** Medieval Russian Legal and Instructional Texts
-*** [[루스카야 프라브다|Russkaya Pravda]] – Early Rus’ law code
-*** [[도메스트로이|Domostroi]] – 16th-century Muscovite manual of household management and moral instruction
-** Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Ruthenian Traditions
-*** [[벨라루스 및 리투아니아 연대기|Lithuanian–Ruthenian Chronicles]] – Chronicling the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenian lands
-*** [[폴리크 역사|Polyk’s Chronicle and others documenting regional histories]]
-*** [[우크라이나 두마|Ukrainian “Dumy” (epic songs)]] – Oral poetic traditions later recorded in writing
-** South Slavic (Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian) Medieval Literature
-*** [[불가리아 시메온 시대 문학|Literature of the First Bulgarian Empire]] (9th–10th centuries) – Works of the Preslav and Ohrid literary schools
-*** [[치체프니크|Cyrillic manuscripts such as the Codex Suprasliensis, Codex Zographensis, and others]]
-*** [[주다 강자|Lives of Saints Clement of Ohrid, Naum, and other disciples of Cyril and Methodius]]
-*** [[세르비아 전설|Serbian epic poetry]] – Oral epics of the Kosovo cycle and the Marko Kraljević cycle, later transcribed
-*** [[두브로브니크 문학|Ragusan (Dubrovnik) and Dalmatian Latin/Slavonic literary traditions]] in the medieval Adriatic
-** Czech and Slovak Medieval Works
-*** [[달리미르 연대기|Dalimil Chronicle (Kronika tak řečeného Dalimila)]] – Old Czech verse chronicle
-*** [[보헤미아 아포크리파|Czech Apocrypha and medieval legends (e.g., about St. Wenceslas)]]
-*** [[야누스 호스|Writings of Jan Hus and Hussite religious texts]] – Though later than medieval classics, they had a formative influence
-** Polish Medieval and Renaissance Classics
-*** [[갈루스 연대기|Chronica Polonorum by Gallus Anonymus]] – Early Polish history
-*** [[비엘스키 연대기|Marcin Bielski’s Chronicles]] – Renaissance era, reflecting medieval traditions
-*** [[야누스 콰드라지에니아|Works of Jan Kochanowski (Renaissance Polish poet)]] – Bridges medieval and early modern
-*** [[파라보크 슬라브 전통|Polish religious texts and lives of saints in early vernacular]]
-** Hungarian Medieval Classics
-*** [[헝가리 건국 서사|Gesta Hungarorum]] – Latin chronicles describing the origins of the Hungarians
-*** [[헝가리 전설 문학|Gesta of King Béla and other medieval Hungarian chronicles]]
-*** [[포가치 헌장|Old Hungarian Lamentations and Codices]] (e.g., Halotti Beszéd, the earliest Hungarian sermon)
-** Romanian and Moldavian Traditions
-*** [[레투로-로마니언 연대기|Early Romanian chronicles]] (e.g., Letopisețul Țării Moldovei)
-*** [[비잔티움 전승 영향|Byzantine Orthodox influences and translations into Old Romanian script]]
-*** [[카르파티안 구전|Oral epic traditions and Doina (lament poetry) eventually recorded in writing]]
-** Baltic and Finno-Ugric Oral Traditions (Later Recorded)
-*** [[라트비아 다이나스|Latvian Dainas]] – Brief folk songs and verses (oral to written)
-*** [[에스토니아 칼레발라|Kalevala (Finnish) & Kalevipoeg (Estonian)]] – Not Eastern Slavic, but Finno-Ugric epics often considered in broader Eastern European context
-*** [[리투아니아 구전|Lithuanian folk songs, sutartinės]] – Collected and published in modern times, reflecting older traditions
-** Additional Influential Eastern European Texts
-*** [[비잔티노-슬라브 문헌|Byzantine-Slavonic liturgical texts and translations]] – Binding cultural and religious continuity
-*** [[영웅적 발라드|Ballads, legends, and heroic narratives from Eastern Carpathians to the Balkans]]
-*** [[민간 설화집|Folk tale collections]] later compiled by scholars (e.g., Afanasyev’s Russian Fairy Tales, though 19th century, contain old motifs)
-*** [[구전속담|Proverbs, riddles, and wisdom literature]] passed down orally, forming the bedrock of regional cultural identity
-<hr/>
-* Oceanian Classics (오세아니아 고전)
-** Polynesian Traditions
-*** [[하와이 쿠물리포|Kumulipo (Hawaiian creation chant)]] – A genealogical prayer chant tracing the Hawaiian cosmos’ origins
-*** [[하와이 의식가|Other Hawaiian genealogical chants (Mele Ko‘ihonua)]] and hula chants preserving ancestral lines and mythic events
-*** [[마오리 코로로 투쿠 이호|Māori oral tradition (Kōrero Tuku Iho)]] – Whakapapa (genealogies), karakia (prayers), and waiata (songs) transmitted by tohunga (specialist priests)
-*** [[마오리 모테아테아|Mōteatea]] (Māori chanted poetry) – Lyrical laments, love songs, and historical narratives
-*** [[쿡 제도 라로통가 신화|Cook Islands (Rarotongan, Mangaian) legends]] – Creation stories, chiefly genealogies, and migratory chants
-*** [[통가 구전 전통|Tongan oral traditions]] – Tales of Maui, genealogical recitations of Tongan kings, and langi (ceremonial songs)
-*** [[타히티 신화|Tahitian and Society Islands cosmogonies]] – Narratives centered on Ta‘aroa, Oro, and the pantheon of gods
-*** [[사모아 창세 이야기|Samoan creation stories and genealogical lore]] – Oral histories of Tagaloa and migration myths
-** Micronesian Traditions
-*** [[마셜 제도 항해 전승|Marshallese navigational chants and lore]] – Stick chart knowledge, star paths, and clan genealogies
-*** [[추크 제도 전설|Chuukese (Trukese) myths and legends]] – Stories of ancestral spirits, islands’ origins, and social norms
-*** [[키리바시 구전|I-Kiribati genealogical chants]] – Origin narratives linking islands, ancestors, and moral instructions
-*** [[팔라우 신화|Palauan legends and myths]] – Clan histories, supernatural beings, and traditional moral values
-** Melanesian Traditions
-*** [[피지 창세 신화|Fijian oral histories]] – Tales of first arrivals, cultural heroes (e.g., Lutunasobasoba), and kava rituals
-*** [[솔로몬 제도 설화|Solomon Islands epic narratives]] – Clan genealogies, spirit beings, and moral lessons embedded in stories
-*** [[바누아투 카스텀 전승|Vanuatu kastom stories]] – Myth cycles explaining land names, rituals, and social laws
-*** [[뉴기니 구전 문학|Papuan (New Guinea) epic chants and cosmologies]] – Complex origin stories, river spirits, and ancestral migrations
-*** [[멜라네시아 무용 서사|Melanesian dance-dramas and ceremonial chants]] – Initiation rites, healing songs, and knowledge of land and lineage
-** Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander Traditions
-*** [[드리밍 이야기|The Dreaming (Tjukurpa) narratives]] – Cosmological accounts of how ancestral beings shaped the land, establishing law and custom
-*** [[송라인|Songlines]] – Routes connecting sacred sites across Australia, embedding geography, history, and moral law in music and chant
-*** [[클랜 전설과 의식|Aboriginal hero tales and clan genealogies]] – Oral knowledge transmitted through corroborees (ceremonial gatherings)
-*** [[토레스 해협 섬 주민 전승|Torres Strait Islander myths and dance-epics]] – Stories of ancestral heroes, cosmological journeys, and cultural protocols
-** Additional Oceanian Cultural Expressions
-*** [[라파누이 롱고롱고|Rongorongo glyphs of Rapa Nui (Easter Island)]] – Undeciphered script possibly linked to oral recitations and calendrical knowledge
-*** [[항해 및 별자리 전승|Polynesian/Micronesian wayfinding lore]] – Oral instructions for open-ocean navigation using stars, swells, and bird patterns
-*** [[마르케사스 전설|Marquesan legends and genealogies]] – Islands’ origins, ancestor cults, and heroic figures
-*** [[파푸아뉴기니 마술 담론|Initiation chants and “magic words”]] – Used in gardening, fishing, and healing across various Oceanian islands
-*** [[민족지 자료에 기록된 구전|Anthropologically recorded proverbs, riddles, and moral tales]] – Preserved by scholars, reflecting age-old wisdom and identity
-<hr/>
-* Classical Southeast Asian Literature (동남아시아 고전)
-** Mainland Southeast Asia
-*** Khmer (Cambodia)
-**** [[레암께르|Reamker]] – The Cambodian adaptation of the Ramayana, inscribed in verse and performed in dance drama
-**** [[짠쩨우 초서문|Inscriptions of Angkor (e.g. Prasat Kôk Po inscriptions)]] – Early Khmer epigraphy containing royal edicts, religious dedications, and eulogies
-**** [[팃페드이|Khmer Buddhist Jātaka stories and moral tales]] – Adaptations and retellings of Pali sources into Khmer
-*** Thai (Siam)
-**** [[라마끼엔|Ramakien]] – Thai version of the Ramayana narrative, composed in the Ayutthaya and Rattanakosin periods
-**** [[트라이품ิก카타|Trai Phum Phra Ruang (Three Worlds According to King Lithai)]] – Cosmological treatise blending Buddhism and indigenous beliefs
-**** [[릴릿 프라로|Lilit Phra Lo]] – A classical Thai lyrical narrative poem
-**** [[프라 마하 찬카맏|Royal chronicles of Ayutthaya and Lanna]] – Historical prose traditions chronicling royal lineages and events
-*** Lao (Laos)
-**** [[프라 락 프라 람|Phra Lak Phra Lam]] – Lao adaptation of the Ramayana epic
-**** [[신싸이|Sin Xay]] – A Lao heroic epic poem reflecting moral and cultural values
-**** Jātaka-based narratives and oral poetry (Mor Lam tradition)
-*** Burmese (Myanmar)
-**** [[야마 자우도|Yama Zatdaw]] – Burmese Ramayana adaptation
-**** [[유다야 빤디타 빌사|Glass Palace Chronicle (Hmannan Yazawin)]] – Semilegendary royal chronicle of Burmese kings
-**** [[깨또롱례|Commentaries on Pāli Buddhist canon, Nissaya literature]] – Burmese translations and exegeses of Buddhist texts
-**** [[아포크리파전 문학|Jātaka stories, dhamma literature, and Sān kyam (didactic texts)]]
-*** Vietnamese
-**** [[국음 시가|Chữ Nôm literary works]] – Adaptations of Chinese classics, folk tales, and poetry in the vernacular script
-**** [[천주문 학문|Medieval Vietnamese annals]] (e.g., Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư) combining Confucian historiography with indigenous elements
-**** Legends of Lạc Long Quân, Âu Cơ, and Thánh Gióng recorded in folk narratives and later chronicles
-** Maritime Southeast Asia
-*** Indonesian (Javanese, Balinese, Sundanese)
-**** [[나가라크르타가마|Nagarakretagama]] by Mpu Prapañca – A 14th-century Javanese eulogy to the Majapahit Empire, a key kakawin (court poetry)
-**** [[까까윈 라마야나|Kakawin Rāmāyaṇa]] – Old Javanese rendition of the Ramayana
-**** [[마하바라타 자바어 판본|Javanese Mahabharata and Arjunawijaya kakawin]] – Courtly adaptations of Indian epics
-**** [[판지 이야기|Panji Tales]] – Indigenous Javanese cycle of romantic and heroic stories widely diffused across Southeast Asia
-**** Balinese lontar manuscripts preserving kakawin literature, ritual texts, and treatises on dance, music, and moral conduct
-*** Malay World (Malaysia, Brunei, Sumatra, Borneo)
-**** [[세자라 멜라유|Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals)]] – A chronicle of the Malacca Sultanate blending history and legend
-**** [[히카야트 항 투아|Hikayat Hang Tuah]] – Epic romance about the legendary hero Hang Tuah, reflecting loyalty and valor
-**** [[히카야트 이스칸다르 줄카르나인|Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain]] and other Hikayats – Adaptations of Islamic, Persian, and Indian narratives into Malay court literature
-**** [[판타운|Syair and pantun]] – Malay classical poetic forms encapsulating wisdom, moral lessons, and social values
-*** Philippine Archipelago
-**** [[비사얀 슈단|Pre-Hispanic epics such as the Hinilawod (Hiligaynon)]] – Oral epic narratives celebrating culture heroes, ancestors, and deities
-**** [[이방 및 라구카스 언어 구전|Ifugao Hudhud chants, Kalinga Ullalim, Maranao Darangen]] – Precolonial oral epics recognized by UNESCO, preserving heroic and cosmological narratives
-**** [[레위 족 칸토|Chants and genealogies from various Philippine ethno-linguistic groups]] – Recorded in colonial era, but reflecting ancient oral traditions
-*** Other Archipelagic Traditions
-**** [[와양 전승|Wayang kulit and wayang beber narratives]] – Shadow play scripts based on the Ramayana and Mahabharata performed across Java, Bali, and Lombok
-**** [[부기스 라 갈리고|Sureq Galigo (La Galigo)]] – Epic literature of the Bugis of Sulawesi, one of the longest literary works in the world
-**** [[바타크 툴더|Batak pustaha (magic books), Minangkabau tambo, and oral genealogies]] – Reflecting indigenous cosmologies, customary laws (adat), and historical memory
-** Cross-Influences and Religious Texts
-*** [[팔리 대장경 번역본|Pāli Canon translations]] throughout Theravāda Buddhist Southeast Asia (Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia) influencing local literature
-*** [[아랍/페르시아 역량|Adoption of Islamic literature (Hikayat, Suluk) in Malay, Acehnese, and Javanese traditions]]
-*** [[인도-중국 영향|Sanskrit inscriptions, Khmer and Cham adaptations of Hindu and Buddhist tales linking to Indian and East Asian classics]]
-** Additional Expressions
-*** [[윤문 문학|Classical moral and didactic texts (e.g. Panung Sastra in Thai, Nīti literature in Burmese)]]
-*** [[번역과 시화|Versified historical chronicles, royal genealogies, and courtly poems (e.g., Lilit and Kap compositions in Thai and Lao tradition)]]
-*** [[민속 설화집|Collections of proverbs, riddles, and folk narratives]] that form the moral and cultural backbone of local communities
 === Notes ===
@@ Line 633: / Line 120: @@
 * East Asian Music (極東樂, 극동악)
+** Theoretical Foundations and Historical Contexts
+*** [[Yayue|Yayue (雅樂)]] – Ancient Chinese court music tradition that influenced other East Asian court musics
+*** [[Yinyue Lilun|Chinese music theory (音樂理論)]] – Pentatonic scales (gong, shang, jue, zhi, yu), 12 lu (十二律), Confucian music philosophy
+*** [[Aak|Aak (雅樂 아악)]] – Korean ceremonial court music derived from Chinese yayue
+*** [[Gagaku|Gagaku (雅楽 가가쿠)]] – Japanese imperial court music, also influenced by Chinese yayue and Korean aak traditions
 ** Korea (韓國, 한국)
-*** [[gayageum|gayageum (伽倻琴, 가야금)]]
+*** Court and Aristocratic Music (정악, Jeongak)
+**** [[Aak|Aak (雅樂 아악)]] – Confucian shrine and royal ancestral ritual music
+**** [[Dangak (唐樂)|Dangak]] – Court music of Tang Chinese origin
+**** [[Hyangak (鄕樂)|Hyangak]] – Native Korean court music
+**** [[Yeominrak (與民樂)|Yeominrak]] – A representative piece of Korean royal court music
+**** [[Sujechon (壽齊天)|Sujecheon]] – Famous instrumental piece of Korean court music
+*** Literati and Chamber Music
+**** [[Gagok (歌曲)|Gagok]] – Lyrical, refined vocal music accompanied by traditional chamber ensemble
+**** [[Jeongga (正歌)|Jeongga]] – General term for refined vocal music of the upper classes
+*** Folk-Based Classical Forms
+**** [[Pansori (판소리)|Pansori]] – Narrative singing accompanied by a drum, elevated to a classical art form
+**** [[Sanjo (산조)|Sanjo]] – Instrumental solo accompanied by drum, considered a pinnacle of Korean classical instrumental music
+*** Instruments (관악기/현악기/타악기)
+**** String Instruments
+***** [[Gayageum|Gayageum (伽倻琴, 가야금)]] – 12-string zither
+***** [[Geomungo (玄琴, 거문고)|Geomungo]] – 6-string zither with a deeper sound
+***** [[Haegum (奚琴, 해금)|Haegum]] – Two-stringed vertical fiddle
+**** Wind Instruments
+***** [[Daegeum (大琴, 대금)|Daegeum]] – Large transverse bamboo flute with a buzzing membrane
+***** [[Piri (필리)|Piri]] – Double-reed bamboo oboe-like instrument
+***** [[Taepyeongso (太平簫, 태평소)|Taepyeongso]] – Loud double-reed conical oboe
+**** Percussion Instruments
+***** [[Janggu (장구)|Janggu]] – Hourglass-shaped drum
+***** [[Buk (북)|Buk]] – Barrel drum
+***** [[Kkwaenggwari (꽹과리)|Kkwaenggwari]] – Small handheld gong
+***** [[Jing (징)|Jing]] – Larger gong
 ** China (中國, 중국)
-*** [[guzheng|guzheng (古箏, 고쟁)]]
+*** Court and Ritual Music
-*** [[pipa|pipa (琵琶, 비파)]]
+**** [[Yayue (雅樂)|Yayue]] – Elegant music performed in imperial courts and Confucian temples
-*** [[guqin|guqin (古琴, 고금)]]
+**** [[Zhou and Han ritual music]] – Early dynastic ceremonial music forming the foundation of Chinese classical tradition
+*** Scholarly and Literati Traditions
+**** [[Guqin|Guqin (古琴, 고금)]] – Seven-string fretless zither associated with scholars, Confucians, Daoists
+**** [[Guqin repertoire]] – Known for ancient pieces like “Guangling San”, “Flowing Water (Liu Shui)”
+*** Regional Classical Operas and Genres (Seen as part of classical tradition)
+**** [[Kunqu (崑曲)|Kunqu Opera]] – One of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera, highly refined
+**** [[Peking Opera (京劇)|Jingju]] – Classical Beijing opera (though more recent, still rooted in classical traditions)
+*** Instrumental Traditions
+**** String Instruments (Plucked)
+***** [[Guzheng|Guzheng (古箏, 고쟁)]] – 21-string zither with movable bridges
+***** [[Pipa|Pipa (琵琶, 비파)]] – Pear-shaped lute
+***** [[Ruan (阮)|Ruan]] – Moon-shaped lute
+***** [[Sanxian (三弦)|Sanxian]] – Three-stringed fretless lute
+***** [[Liuqin (柳琴)|Liuqin]] – Small mandolin-like lute
+**** Bowed String Instruments
+***** [[Erhu (二胡)|Erhu]] – Two-stringed fiddle widely used in classical and folk styles
+***** [[Zhonghu (中胡)|Zhonghu]] – Lower-pitched cousin of the erhu
+***** [[Gaohu (高胡)|Gaohu]] – Higher-pitched fiddle used in Cantonese music
+**** Wind Instruments
+***** [[Xiao (簫)|Xiao]] – End-blown bamboo flute
+***** [[Dizi (笛子)|Dizi]] – Transverse bamboo flute with a membrane hole
+***** [[Sheng (笙)|Sheng]] – Free-reed mouth organ
+***** [[Suona (嗩吶)|Suona]] – Loud double-reed horn
+***** [[Guan (管)|Guan]] – Cylindrical double-reed pipe
+**** Percussion Instruments
+***** [[Bianzhong (編鐘)|Bianzhong]] – Bronze chime bells of ancient China
+***** [[Bianqing (編磬)|Bianqing]] – Chime stones
+***** Gongs, cymbals, drums (Tanggu, Daluo, Xiaoluo), and clappers forming classical percussion ensembles
 ** Japan (日本, 일본)
-*** Court music (雅楽, 아악, gagaku)
+*** Court and Ritual Music (雅楽, Gagaku)
-**** [[sokyoku|sokyoku (箏曲, 쟁곡)]]
+**** [[Gagaku (雅楽, 아악)|Gagaku]] – Imperial court music tradition including:
+***** [[Bugaku|Bugaku]] – Court dance music
+***** [[Kuniburi no Utamai]] – Indigenous Shinto ritual songs and dances
+**** Instruments of Gagaku
+***** [[Shō (笙)|Shō]] – Free-reed mouth organ
+***** [[Hichiriki (篳篥)|Hichiriki]] – Short double-reed pipe
+***** [[Ryūteki (龍笛)|Ryūteki]] – Transverse bamboo flute
+***** [[Biwa (琵琶)|Biwa]] – Four-stringed lute used in court music (Gaku-biwa)
+***** [[Koto (箏)|Koto]] – 13-string zither used in gagaku and later chamber music
+***** [[Taiko (太鼓)|Taiko]] – Drums of various sizes for court and shrine music
+*** Buddhist Chanting and Sacred Music
+**** [[Shōmyō (声明)|Shōmyō]] – Buddhist liturgical chanting
+*** Theatre and Vocal Music
+**** [[Noh (能)|Noh theatre music]] – Subtle ensemble of flute and drums accompanying chanted drama
+**** [[Heikyoku (平曲)|Heikyoku]] – Biwa-accompanied recitation of The Tale of the Heike
+*** Chamber Music and Artistic Genres
+**** [[Sankyoku (三曲)|Sankyoku]] – Ensemble of koto, shamisen, and shakuhachi
+**** [[Sokyoku|Sokyoku (箏曲, 쟁곡)]] – Koto music, often combined with shamisen and voice
+**** [[Shakuhachi (尺八)|Shakuhachi]] – End-blown bamboo flute, linked to Zen meditation (komusō monks)
+**** [[Shamisen (三味線)|Shamisen]] – Three-stringed lute used in a range of classical genres (Jiuta, Nagauta)
+**** [[Gidayū-bushi|Gidayū-bushi]] – Chanted narrative style for Bunraku puppet theatre
+** Other East Asian Traditions
+*** Mongolian Court and Classical Music
+**** [[Möngke tngri-yin üsüg|Historical Mongolian liturgical and court songs]] – Oral tradition preserved in Mongol royal courts
+**** [[Morin Khuur (馬頭琴)|Morin Khuur]] – Horse-head fiddle, iconic Mongolian bowed instrument
+**** [[Long Song (Urtyn Duu)|Urtyn Duu]] – Ancient form of Mongolian extended vocal performance with wide vocal range
+*** Ryukyuan/Okinawan Court Music
+**** [[Ryūkyūan court music]] – Classical tradition influenced by both Japanese gagaku and Chinese court music
+**** [[Sanshin (三線)|Sanshin]] – Three-stringed lute used in classical Ryukyuan music
+*** Influences in Vietnam (While culturally closer to Southeast Asia, historically influenced by Chinese music theory)
+**** [[Nha Nhac (雅樂)|Nhã nhạc]] – Vietnamese court music of the Huế court, influenced by Chinese yayue
+**** [[Dan Tranh (箏)|Đàn tranh]] – Zither similar to the guzheng/koto
+**** [[Dan Bau (單弦)|Đàn bầu]] – Monochord instrument with subtle tonal inflections
+** Additional Classical Themes and Genres
+*** Ritual and Ancestral Ceremonies
+**** Confucian temple music in China, Korea, Vietnam
+**** Shinto shrine kagura performances in Japan
+*** Scholarly and Solo Repertoires
+**** Guqin solo repertoire (China)
+**** Geomungo sanjo and gayageum sanjo (Korea)
+**** Shakuhachi honkyoku pieces (Japan)
+*** Ensemble and Orchestral Traditions
+**** Jingju orchestra (China)
+**** Gagaku orchestra (Japan)
+**** Jeongak court ensemble (Korea)
+** Music Notation Systems
+*** [[Gongchepu (工尺譜)|Gongchepu]] – Chinese traditional notation
+*** [[Jeongganbo (井間譜)|Jeongganbo]] – Korean notation system for pitches and rhythms
+*** [[Kunkunshi (工工四)|Kunkunshi]] – Ryukyuan/Okinawan koto and sanshin notation
+*** Various mnemonic and oral transmission techniques in Noh, gagaku, and qin playing
+<hr/>
+* Western Classical Music
+** Medieval (c. 500–1400)
+*** [[Gregorian Chant]] – Monophonic sacred chant of the Western Roman Catholic Church
+*** Other Latin liturgical traditions: [[Ambrosian chant]], [[Mozarabic chant]], [[Gallican chant]]
+*** Early polyphony and organum – e.g. [[Léonin]] and [[Pérotin]] of the Notre Dame School
+*** Secular monophony – [[Troubadour]] and [[Trouvère]] songs in France, [[Minnesänger]] in Germany
+** Renaissance (c. 1400–1600)
+*** Polyphonic vocal music – [[Mass (Missa)]], [[Motet]], [[Chanson]], [[Madrigal]]
+*** Franco-Flemish School: [[Guillaume Du Fay]], [[Johannes Ockeghem]], [[Josquin des Prez]]
+*** Roman School: [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]] (model of Catholic church music)
+*** Venetian School: [[Giovanni Gabrieli]] (polychoral style)
+*** Refined counterpoint theory (e.g. Gioseffo Zarlino)
+** Baroque (c. 1600–1750)
+*** Early Baroque: [[Claudio Monteverdi]] (transitional figure from Renaissance to Baroque, opera “L’Orfeo”)
+*** Opera’s beginnings in Italy: [[Florentine Camerata]], Jacopo Peri, Giulio Caccini
+*** French Baroque: [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]], [[François Couperin]]
+*** German Baroque: [[Heinrich Schütz]], [[Dietrich Buxtehude]]
+*** High Baroque masters:
+**** [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] – Cantatas, passions, fugues, “Well-Tempered Clavier”
+**** [[George Frideric Handel]] – Oratorios (“Messiah”), operas, instrumental works
+**** [[Antonio Vivaldi]] – Violin concertos (“The Four Seasons”)
+*** Development of tonal harmony, basso continuo, dance suites
+** Classical (c. 1750–1820)
+*** Viennese Classicism:
+**** [[Joseph Haydn]] – The “father” of the symphony and string quartet
+**** [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] – Operas, symphonies, concertos, chamber music
+**** [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] (early period) – Transitional figure from Classical to Romantic
+*** Rise of instrumental genres: [[Symphony]], [[String Quartet]], [[Sonata]], [[Concerto]]
+*** Sonata form, balance, clarity, and public concerts
+*** [[Christoph Willibald Gluck]] – Opera reform
+** Romantic (c. 1820–1900)
+*** Expansion of emotional expression, chromaticism, larger orchestras
+*** Early Romantics: [[Franz Schubert]], [[Carl Maria von Weber]], [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Frédéric Chopin]], [[Robert Schumann]], [[Hector Berlioz]] (program symphony)
+*** High Romantics:
+**** [[Richard Wagner]] – Music dramas, leitmotifs
+**** [[Giuseppe Verdi]] – Italian opera
+**** [[Johannes Brahms]] – Absolute music (symphonies, chamber works)
+**** [[Franz Liszt]] – Virtuosic piano works, symphonic poems
+**** [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] – Russian symphonies, ballets
+**** [[Anton Bruckner]] – Grand symphonies
+*** Nationalism in music: [[Bedřich Smetana]], [[Antonín Dvořák]], [[Modest Mussorgsky]], [[Edvard Grieg]], [[Jean Sibelius]]
+*** Late Romantic trends leading towards more complex harmonies and expanded forms
+* Genres, Forms, and Styles (up to the Romantic era)
+** Sacred Music Forms
+*** [[Mass]] (Ordinary and Proper), [[Requiem]], [[Motet]], [[Cantata]], [[Passion]], [[Oratorio]]
+*** Choral anthems, Lutheran chorales, Catholic liturgical music
+** Secular Vocal Forms
+*** [[Opera]] – Developed from early Baroque through Classical to grand Romantic operas
+*** [[Art Song / Lied]] – Prominent in the Romantic era (Schubert, Schumann, Brahms), French chanson and mélodie
+*** [[Madrigal]], [[Chanson]], [[Partsong]] – Renaissance secular vocal music
+** Instrumental Forms
+*** [[Symphony]] – Emerged in the Classical era, expanded in the Romantic
+*** [[Concerto]] – Baroque concerto grosso to Classical solo concerto, extended in the Romantic era
+*** [[Sonata]] – Keyboard and instrumental sonatas in Classical and Romantic eras
+*** [[String Quartet]], [[Trio]], [[Quintet]] – Chamber music tradition
+*** [[Suite]], [[Partita]], [[Overture]], [[Symphonic Poem]] (Romantic programmatic form)
+*** Dance forms: [[Allemande]], [[Courante]], [[Sarabande]], [[Gigue]] (Baroque suites), [[Minuet and Trio]] (Classical), [[Waltz]], [[Mazurka]], [[Polonaise]] (Romantic character dances)
+* Performance Contexts and Ensembles
+** Orchestras (Codified during Classical and Romantic periods)
+** Chamber ensembles (string quartets, piano trios)
+** Opera companies and court opera houses
+** Church choirs and cathedral music establishments
+** Noble and bourgeois salon concerts in 18th and 19th centuries
+* Instruments and Instrumental Families (Pre-20th Century)
+** Strings: [[Violin]], [[Viola]], [[Cello]], [[Double Bass]]
+** Early strings: [[Lute]], [[Viole da gamba]]
+** Keyboards: [[Piano]] (Classical and Romantic), [[Harpsichord]] (Renaissance/Baroque), [[Organ]]
+** Woodwinds: [[Flute]], [[Oboe]], [[Clarinet]], [[Bassoon]], [[Recorder]] (earlier periods)
+** Brass: [[Horn]], [[Trumpet]], [[Trombone]] (Sackbut in earlier forms), [[Natural Horn]]
+** Percussion: [[Timpani]], occasional use of other percussion in Romantic works
+* Theory, Notation, and Treatises
+** Medieval and Renaissance Theorists: [[Guido d’Arezzo]] (solmization), [[Johannes Tinctoris]], [[Gioseffo Zarlino]]
+** Baroque and Classical Theory: Figured bass, thoroughbass; [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]] (Treatise on Harmony)
+** Staff notation and mensural notation developed in Medieval/Renaissance, printing in the Renaissance
+** 19th-century Tonal Harmony Theory: Pre-Schenkerian approaches to voice-leading and functional harmony
+* Influential Institutions and Patrons (before 1900)
+** Church (Medieval, Renaissance patronage)
+** Royal Courts and Aristocracy (Baroque, Classical)
+** Rise of Public Concerts (Classical) and Middle-Class Audiences (Romantic)
+** Conservatories and Academies emerging in the 19th century
+* Additional Movements and Influences (before 1900)
+** Ars Nova in Medieval France (Machaut)
+** Camerata in Florence initiating early opera
+** Mannheim School (pre-Classical orchestral style)
+** Folk influences and Nationalistic trends in the Romantic era
+** Early music revival began in the late 19th century, though fully blossoming in the 20th century
 == Traditional Medicine (古醫書, 고의서) ==
-* [https://mediclassics.kr/books/8 Donguibogam: Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine (東醫寶鑑, 동의보감)]
+* East Asian Medical Traditions
-*[https://oasis.kiom.re.kr/herblib/ 한약자원연구센터 (kiom.re.kr)] (e.g. https://herba.kr/boncho/?m=view&t=dict&id=8737)
+** Chinese Medicine (中醫)
+*** Foundational Texts
+**** [[황제내경|Huangdi Neijing (黃帝內經) - The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon]] – Foundational text of Chinese medicine, comprising Suwen (素問) and Lingshu (靈樞).
+**** [[난경|Nanjing (難經) - Classic of Difficult Issues]] – Commentary and elucidation of the Huangdi Neijing.
+**** [[상한론|Shanghan Lun (傷寒論) - Treatise on Cold Damage]] and [[금궤요략|Jingui Yaolue (金匱要略) - Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet]] by Zhang Zhongjing.
+**** [[신농본초경|Shennong Bencao Jing (神農本草經) - Divine Farmer’s Classic of Materia Medica]] – Earliest known pharmacopoeia in China.
+*** Later Dynastic Texts
+**** [[주후비급방|Zhouhou Beiji Fang (肘後備急方) by Ge Hong]] – Emergency prescriptions.
+**** [[침구대성|Zhenjiu Dacheng (鍼灸大成) by Yang Jizhou]] – Comprehensive compilation on acupuncture and moxibustion.
+**** [[비급구전|Beiji Qianjin Yaofang (備急千金要方) & Qianjin Yifang (千金翼方) by Sun Simiao]] – Influential Tang dynasty medical compendia.
+**** [[본초강목|Bencao Gangmu (本草綱目) by Li Shizhen]] – Definitive Ming dynasty materia medica with thousands of substances.
+**** [[의림개착|Yilin Gaicuo (醫林改錯) by Wang Qingren]] – Qing dynasty work emphasizing blood stasis.
+*** Specialty Texts
+**** [[동원십서|Dongyuan Shishu (東垣十書)]] – Works by Li Dongyuan focusing on spleen and stomach theory.
+**** [[온병학|Wenbing Xue (溫病學) - Warm disease theory]]: Wenre Lun (溫熱論) by Ye Tianshi, and Wenbing Tiaobian (溫病條辨) by Wu Jutong.
+** Korean Medicine (韓醫)
+*** [[향약집성방|Hyangyak Jipseongbang (鄕藥集成方)]] – Korean herbal formula compendium compiled under King Sejong.
+*** [[의방유취|Uibang Yuuchwi (醫方類聚)]] – Extensive Korean medical encyclopedia from the Joseon period.
+*** [[동의보감|Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑) by Heo Jun]] – Landmark Joseon dynasty medical text, synthesizing Chinese and Korean traditions. [https://mediclassics.kr/books/8 Donguibogam: Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine (東醫寶鑑, 동의보감)]
+**** [https://oasis.kiom.re.kr/herblib/ 한약자원연구센터 (kiom.re.kr)] (e.g. https://herba.kr/boncho/?m=view&t=dict&id=8737)
+*** [[벽온신방|Byeogon Shinbang (辟瘟新方)]] – Treatises on epidemic diseases.
+** Japanese Medicine (和方)
+*** [[의심방|Ishinpō (醫心方) by Tamba Yasuyori]] – Oldest surviving Japanese medical text, strongly influenced by Chinese medicine.
+*** Later Kanpō (漢方) commentaries and collections of formulas influenced by Chinese classics.
+** Mongolian and Tibetan Medicine
+*** [[사스라|Gyüshi (rGyud-bZhi) - The Four Tantras]] – Foundation of Tibetan medical knowledge.
+*** Mongolian medical treatises often based on Tibetan and Chinese traditions, e.g., translations of rGyud-bZhi and pharmacopoeias.
+* South Asian Medical Traditions
+** Ayurveda (India)
+*** Foundational Samhitas
+**** [[카이야 삼히타|Charaka Samhita]] – Classic Ayurveda text on internal medicine (Kayachikitsa).
+**** [[수슈루타 삼히타|Sushruta Samhita]] – Foundational surgical and anatomical text in Ayurveda.
+**** [[아슈탕가 하르다야|Ashtanga Hridaya]] and [[아슈탕가 상그라하|Ashtanga Sangraha]] by Vagbhata – Comprehensive Ayurvedic treatises summarizing earlier works.
+*** Additional and Regional Texts
+**** [[마다바 니다나|Madhava Nidana]] – Important diagnostic compendium.
+**** [[바바 프라카샤|Bhava Prakash]] – Ayurveda materia medica and theory of Dravya (substances).
+**** Ancient [[리그베다|Rig Veda]] and [[아타르바베다|Atharva Veda]] references to healing herbs and rituals.
+** Siddha (South India)
+*** [[아기얀나 사라쿠|Agathiyar Gunavakadam]] and other texts attributed to Siddhars focusing on herbal remedies, alchemy, and longevity.
+** Unani (Greco-Arabic tradition in India)
+*** Works influenced by Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna’s Canon, adapted into the South Asian milieu.
+* Middle Eastern and Greco-Roman Medical Traditions
+** Ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian
+*** [[에버스 파피루스|Ebers Papyrus]] – Ancient Egyptian medical papyrus with herbal remedies.
+*** [[스미스 파피루스|Edwin Smith Papyrus]] – Surgical cases, anatomical observations.
+** Greco-Roman Tradition
+*** [[히포크라테스 전집|Hippocratic Corpus]] – The foundation of Western medical thought.
+*** [[갈레노스|Galen of Pergamon]] – Extensive treatises on anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and theory of the humors.
+*** [[디오스코리데스 약물론|De Materia Medica by Dioscorides]] – Influential herbal pharmacopoeia.
+** Persian and Islamic Golden Age Medicine
+*** [[아비센나|The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb) by Avicenna (Ibn Sina)]] – Authoritative medieval medical encyclopedia synthesizing Greek and Islamic knowledge.
+*** [[라지|Al-Razi (Rhazes) works]] – “Al-Hawi” (Comprehensive Book), treatises on measles, smallpox.
+*** [[알마주시|Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas)’s Kitab al-Malaki]] – Another influential medical compendium.
+*** [[이븐 알나피스|Ibn al-Nafis]] – Commentary on the Canon, early description of pulmonary circulation.
+*** [[이븐 마사웨이|Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Ibn Masawayh]] – Translators and compilers of Greek medical texts into Arabic.
+* African Traditions
+** Ancient and Coptic medical traditions recorded in papyri and inscriptions.
+** Ethiopian medical manuscripts (often Christian-influenced) combining herbal remedies and prayers.
+** Griotic and oral traditions in West Africa preserved knowledge of medicinal plants and healing rituals, though few written “classics” predate colonial eras.
+* Mesoamerican and South American Traditions
+** Aztec and Maya herbal codices
+*** [[바다리아노스 필사본|Badianus Manuscript (Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis)]] – Aztec herbal remedies recorded post-conquest.
+*** Maya Dresden Codex contains references to rituals and medicinal plants.
+** Incan Quipus (knotted cords) and chroniclers’ records (e.g., Huarochirí Manuscript) contain references to healing rituals, though less “textual” in a traditional sense.
+* European Medieval and Renaissance Tradition
+** European Herbals and Materia Medica (Pre-Modern)
+*** [[힐데가르트 폰 빙엔|Hildegard of Bingen’s Physica]] – Medieval European medical and herbal treatise.
+*** [[치라르두스|Circa Instans (Platearius)]] – Salerno medical school herbals.
+*** [[Paracelsus]] – Renaissance physician-alchemist, works bridging medieval and early modern thought.
+** Monastic medicinal manuscripts and hospital records preserving Greco-Roman medical knowledge.
+* Additional Influential Texts and Pharmacopoeias
+** Traditional Pharmacopoeias
+*** [[탕두징|Tang Materia Medica]] (China)
+*** Later dynastic and regional materia medicas: [[정화본초|Zhenghe Bencao]], [[향약채취월령|Hyangyak Chaecheuk Wolyeong]] (Korea)
+** Across Cultural Exchanges
+*** Islamic translations of Galen and Hippocrates contributed back into Europe (in Latin translations) – e.g. Constantinus Africanus at Salerno.
+*** Jesuit missionary records and European travelers’ manuscripts documenting Asian and American medicinal plants.
+** Oral to Written Transitions
+*** Many traditions were originally oral (e.g., African, Oceanian, Indigenous Americas), and only recorded by colonizers or missionaries, or transcribed into written form much later. While not “classical” books, these collected works form corpora of traditional medical knowledge.
 == Traditional Architecture (古建築, 고건축/전통건축) ==

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