Home: Difference between revisions
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== Classical Music (古樂, 고악) == | == Classical Music (古樂, 고악) == | ||
* East Asian Music (極東樂, 극동악) | * East Asian Music (極東樂, 극동악) | ||
** Theoretical Foundations and Historical Contexts | ** Theoretical Foundations and Historical Contexts | ||
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*** Instruments (관악기/현악기/타악기) | *** Instruments (관악기/현악기/타악기) | ||
**** String Instruments | **** String Instruments | ||
***** [[Gayageum (伽倻琴, 가야금) | ***** [[Gayageum|Gayageum (伽倻琴, 가야금)]] – 12-string zither | ||
***** [[Geomungo (玄琴, 거문고)|Geomungo]] – 6-string zither with a deeper sound | ***** [[Geomungo (玄琴, 거문고)|Geomungo]] – 6-string zither with a deeper sound | ||
***** [[Haegum (奚琴, 해금)|Haegum]] – Two-stringed vertical fiddle | ***** [[Haegum (奚琴, 해금)|Haegum]] – Two-stringed vertical fiddle | ||
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**** [[Zhou and Han ritual music]] – Early dynastic ceremonial music forming the foundation of Chinese classical tradition | **** [[Zhou and Han ritual music]] – Early dynastic ceremonial music forming the foundation of Chinese classical tradition | ||
*** Scholarly and Literati Traditions | *** Scholarly and Literati Traditions | ||
**** [[Guqin (古琴, 고금) | **** [[Guqin|Guqin (古琴, 고금)]] – Seven-string fretless zither associated with scholars, Confucians, Daoists | ||
**** [[Guqin repertoire]] – Known for ancient pieces like “Guangling San”, “Flowing Water (Liu Shui)” | **** [[Guqin repertoire]] – Known for ancient pieces like “Guangling San”, “Flowing Water (Liu Shui)” | ||
*** Regional Classical Operas and Genres (Seen as part of classical tradition) | *** Regional Classical Operas and Genres (Seen as part of classical tradition) | ||
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*** Instrumental Traditions | *** Instrumental Traditions | ||
**** String Instruments (Plucked) | **** String Instruments (Plucked) | ||
***** [[Guzheng (古箏, 고쟁) | ***** [[Guzheng|Guzheng (古箏, 고쟁)]] – 21-string zither with movable bridges | ||
***** [[Pipa (琵琶, 비파) | ***** [[Pipa|Pipa (琵琶, 비파)]] – Pear-shaped lute | ||
***** [[Ruan (阮)|Ruan]] – Moon-shaped lute | ***** [[Ruan (阮)|Ruan]] – Moon-shaped lute | ||
***** [[Sanxian (三弦)|Sanxian]] – Three-stringed fretless lute | ***** [[Sanxian (三弦)|Sanxian]] – Three-stringed fretless lute | ||
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*** Chamber Music and Artistic Genres | *** Chamber Music and Artistic Genres | ||
**** [[Sankyoku (三曲)|Sankyoku]] – Ensemble of koto, shamisen, and shakuhachi | **** [[Sankyoku (三曲)|Sankyoku]] – Ensemble of koto, shamisen, and shakuhachi | ||
**** [[Sokyoku (箏曲, 쟁곡) | **** [[Sokyoku|Sokyoku (箏曲, 쟁곡)]] – Koto music, often combined with shamisen and voice | ||
**** [[Shakuhachi (尺八)|Shakuhachi]] – End-blown bamboo flute, linked to Zen meditation (komusō monks) | **** [[Shakuhachi (尺八)|Shakuhachi]] – End-blown bamboo flute, linked to Zen meditation (komusō monks) | ||
**** [[Shamisen (三味線)|Shamisen]] – Three-stringed lute used in a range of classical genres (Jiuta, Nagauta) | **** [[Shamisen (三味線)|Shamisen]] – Three-stringed lute used in a range of classical genres (Jiuta, Nagauta) | ||
Revision as of 00:11, 10 December 2024
Classical Literature (古典文學 고전문학)
- East Asian Confucian Classics (東洋儒敎古文 동양유교고문)
- Beginning educational texts (初學 초학)
- Three Character Classic (三字經 삼자경) 現況進行中, 開始日 2024-02-20
- One Hundred Family Names (百家姓 백가성)
- One Thousand Characters (千字文 천자문) 韓文完成, 終了日 2016-07-30
- Four Character Book of Learning (四字小學 사자소학) 韓文完成, 終了日 2024-03-18
- Compiled Writings (推句 추구) 原文完成, 終了日 2024-03-18
- Prose (散文 산문)
- Misc
- Combined Categories [of Various Topics for Tutelage of Children] (類合 유합)
- Collection of Characters for Training the Unenlightened (訓蒙字會 훈몽자회)
- Four Books and Five Classics (四書五經 사서오경)
- 四書
- The Great Learning (大學 대학) 現況進行中
- Analects (論語 논어)
- Mencius (孟子 맹자)
- The Doctrine of Mean (中庸 중용)
- 五經
- Book of Odes (詩經 시경)
- Book of Documents (書經 서경)
- Book of Changes (易經 역경)
- Book of Rites (禮記 예기)
- Rites of Zhou (周禮 주례)
- Annals of Spring and Autumn (春秋 춘추)
- 四書
- 孝
- 孝子傳, 藝文類聚, 太平御覽, 搜神記
- The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars (二十四孝 이십사효)
- The Thirteen Classics (十三經 십삼경) from Han dynasty to Song dynasty
- Book of Changes (易經 역경)
- Book of Documents (書經 서경)
- Book of Odes (詩經 시경)
- Three [Books of] Rites (三禮 삼례)
- Rites of Zhou (周禮 주례)
- Ceremonies and Rites (儀禮 의례)
- Book of Rites (禮記 예기)
- The Great Learning (大學 대학)
- The Doctrine of Mean (中庸 중용)
- Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋三傳 춘추삼전)
- The Commentary of Zuo (左傳 좌전)
- The Commentary of Gongyang (公羊傳 공양전)
- The Commentary of Guliang (穀梁傳 곡량전)
- Analects (論語 논어)
- The Classic of Filial Piety (孝經 효경)
- Erya, the Dictionary (爾雅 이아)
- Mencius (孟子 맹자)
- East Asian Idioms based on Old Stories (故事成語, 고사성어) 現況進行中
- Classical Chinese Characters (漢字, 한자) 現況槪念化
- Beginning educational texts (初學 초학)
- Other East Asian Classics (東亞古典 동아고전)
- Chinese Classics (中國古典)
- (All of the aforementioned Confucian classics above)
- Other Confucian and Philosophical Classics
- Daoist Classics
- Daodejing (道德經) by Laozi
- Zhuangzi (莊子)
- Liezi (列子) and other Daoist texts
- Historical Works
- Shiji (史記) by Sima Qian – Foundational grand history of China
- Hanshu (漢書), Hou Hanshu (後漢書), Sanguozhi (三國志) – Key standard histories (정사)
- Zizhi Tongjian (資治通鑑) by Sima Guang – General chronicle of Chinese history
- Literary and Poetic Masterpieces
- Chuci (楚辭) – The Songs of Chu (Qu Yuan’s poetry)
- Tang Poetry (唐詩), e.g. Li Bai, Du Fu, Wang Wei
- Song Ci (宋詞) – Song Dynasty lyric poetry (Su Shi, Li Qingzhao)
- Other Classic Works
- Huangdi Neijing (黃帝內經) – Foundational Chinese medical text
- Writings of the Hundred Schools of Thought – Mozi, Guanzi, Lüshi Chunqiu
- Encyclopedic compendia like Taiping Guangji and Taiping Yulan
- Japanese Classics (日本古典)
- Mythological and Historical Records
- Kojiki (古事記) – Records of Ancient Matters
- Nihon Shoki (日本書紀) – Chronicles of Japan
- Fudoki (風土記) – Regional gazetteers detailing geography and folklore
- Literary Masterpieces
- Man’yōshū (萬葉集) – Oldest extant collection of Japanese poetry
- The Tale of Genji (源氏物語) by Murasaki Shikibu
- The Tale of the Heike (平家物語) – Epic war tale
- Kokin Wakashū (古今和歌集) – Imperial poetry anthology
- Court and Cultural Texts
- The Pillow Book (枕草子) by Sei Shōnagon
- Honchō monzui – Literary anthology
- Buddhist and Philosophical Works
- Shōbōgenzō (正法眼藏) by Dōgen – Zen Buddhist classic
- Commentaries on Lotus Sutra and other sutras in Sino-Japanese canon
- Medieval and Edo Period Writings
- Eihei Kōroku and other Zen texts
- Tsurezuregusa (徒然草) by Yoshida Kenkō – Essays in Idleness
- Haikai and Haiku poetry collections – Matsuo Bashō, Buson, Issa
- Mythological and Historical Records
- Korean Classics (韓國古典)
- Historical Records and Chronicles
- Samguk Sagi (三國史記) – Oldest extant Korean historical record
- Samguk Yusa (三國遺事) – Collection of legends, folktales, and historical accounts
- Goryeosa (高麗史) – Official history of the Goryeo Dynasty
- Joseon Wangjo Sillok (朝鮮王朝實錄) – Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
- Confucian and Educational Texts
- Sohak (小學) – Basic Confucian primer
- Saja Sohak (四字小學) – Four-character elementary learning text
- Gyeokmong Yogyul (擊蒙要訣) by Yi I (Yulgok) – Guide to Confucian learning
- Literary and Poetic Masterpieces
- Yongbi Eocheonga (龍飛御天歌) – Royal song in hangul celebrating the Joseon founders
- Worin Cheon’gang Jigok (月印千江之曲) – Buddhist verse in hangul by King Sejong
- Gajeonche literature – Didactic tales personifying objects (e.g. Geumo Sinhwa by Kim Si-seup)
- Sijo poetry – Classical Korean poetic form
- Philosophical and Religious Works
- Collected Works of Yi Hwang (Toegye), Collected Works of Yi I (Yulgok) – Neo-Confucian scholarship
- Korean Buddhist canons – Tripitaka Koreana (팔만대장경), woodblock printed
- Miscellany
- Hunminjeongeum (訓民正音) – Original promulgation of the Korean alphabet
- Uibang Yuuchwi (醫方類聚) – Medical encyclopedia of Joseon Korea
- Dongmong Seonseup (童蒙先習) – Elementary textbook
- Historical Records and Chronicles
- Mongolian and Other East Asian Traditions
- Mongolian
- The Secret History of the Mongols – Key epic narrative of Mongol origins and Chinggis Khan’s life
- Yassa (Mongol law code) – Although not fully extant, its influence is legendary
- Mongolian Buddhist translations and commentaries derived from Tibetan canons
- Other Influences and Interactions
- Khitan (Liao) and Jurchen (Jin) inscriptions and texts – Fragments of early non-Han East Asian states
- Ryukyuan songs and legends – Oral traditions from the Ryukyu Kingdom (Okinawa)
- Manchu script chronicles – Jurchen/Manchu histories like the Manchu Veritable Records of the Qing Dynasty
- Mongolian
- Additional East Asian Cultural and Intellectual Heritage
- Literary Anthologies and Encyclopedias
- Wenxuan (文選) – Chinese literary anthology widely read in East Asia
- Works of notable Confucian scholars spread across East Asia
- Religious Canonical Works
- Chinese Buddhist Canon (대장경, Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō) and its influence on Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese literati
- Oral Traditions and Folk Epics
- Korean Pansori tales (later transcribed)
- Japanese Kagura songs and oral Shinto myths that predate written records
- Literary Anthologies and Encyclopedias
- Chinese Classics (中國古典)
- Western Classics (西洋古典 서양고전)
- Ancient Greek Epics and Poetry
- Ancient Greek Drama
- Greek Philosophical and Historical Works
- Pre-Socratic fragments (e.g., Heraclitus, Parmenides)
- Works of Plato (Πλάτων)
- Socratic dialogues (via Plato and Xenophon)
- Works of Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης)
- Histories (Ἱστορίαι) by Herodotus
- History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides (Θουκυδίδης)
- The Histories by Polybius
- Roman Classics (Epics, Poetry, and Prose)
- Canonical Religious Texts
- Medieval Western Classics
- Early Modern Western Classics
- Additional Influential Texts
- South Asian Classics (남아시아 고전)
- Vedic and Upanishadic Literature
- The Vedas (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, Atharvaveda)
- The Upanishads (e.g., Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya)
- The Brāhmaṇas and Āraṇyakas
- Epic and Itihasa Traditions
- The Mahabharata
- The Ramayana
- The Bhagavad Gita (within the Mahabharata)
- The Puranas (e.g., Vishnu Purana, Bhagavata Purana)
- Sanskrit Poetry, Drama, and Classical Works
- Abhijñānaśākuntalam by Kālidāsa
- Works of Kālidāsa (e.g., Meghadūta, Kumārasambhava)
- Works of Bāṇabhaṭṭa (e.g., Harṣacarita, Kādambarī)
- Pañcatantra
- Kirātārjunīya by Bhāravi
- Śiśupālavadha by Māgha
- Philosophical and Dharmic Texts
- Buddhist and Jain Classics
- Tripiṭaka (Pali Canon) – Sutta Piṭaka, Vinaya Piṭaka, Abhidhamma Piṭaka
- Milinda Pañha (Questions of King Milinda)
- Jātakas (Buddhist birth stories)
- Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara and Digambara traditions)
- Grammar, Linguistics, and Science
- Aṣṭādhyāyī by Pāṇini (Sanskrit grammar)
- Amarakosha (Sanskrit lexicon)
- Suśruta Saṃhitā (ancient Indian medical treatise)
- Caraka Saṃhitā (another key medical text)
- Works of Bhāskara, Āryabhaṭṭa (astronomy & mathematics)
- Regional Literatures (Tamil and Other Indian Languages)
- Tamil Sangam literature (e.g., Ettuthogai, Pattupāṭṭu)
- Silappatikaram (Tamil epic)
- Manimekalai (Tamil epic)
- Tirukkural by Tiruvalluvar (classical Tamil ethical treatise)
- Bhakti and Devotional Classics
- Gītagovinda by Jayadeva
- Bhakti poetry (e.g., works of Mirabai, Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas, Nammalvar)
- Vedic and Upanishadic Literature
- Middle Eastern Classics (중동 고전)
- Ancient Mesopotamian and Near Eastern Literature
- Epic of Gilgamesh (Sumerian/Akkadian)
- Enūma Eliš (Babylonian creation epic)
- Atra-Hasis (Akkadian flood story)
- Code of Hammurabi (Babylonian law code)
- The Descent of Inanna (Sumerian myth)
- Ugaritic texts (e.g., Baal Cycle)
- Ancient Egyptian Literature
- The Book of the Dead
- Pyramid Texts (Old Kingdom funerary texts)
- Coffin Texts (Middle Kingdom funerary texts)
- The Tale of Sinuhe
- The Story of Wenamun
- Hebrew and Judean Classics
- Hebrew Bible (Tanakh)
- Talmud (Rabbinic literature)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (Second Temple period texts)
- Mishnah (Core of Rabbinic tradition)
- The Guide for the Perplexed by Maimonides (Jewish philosophy)
- Zoroastrian and Middle Persian Classics
- Avesta (Zoroastrian scripture, including the Gathas of Zoroaster)
- Bundahishn (Zoroastrian cosmogony text)
- Dādestān-ī Dēnīg (Zoroastrian religious questions and answers)
- Persian Classics
- Arabic and Islamic Classics
- Qur’an
- Hadith Collections (e.g., Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim)
- The Mu‘allaqāt (Pre-Islamic Arabian odes)
- Kalīla wa Dimna (Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ’s translation/adaptation of Panchatantra)
- Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldun
- The Epistle of Forgiveness (Risālat al-Ghufrān) by Al-Maʿarrī
- Kitāb al-Tawḥīd by Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (Theological literature, later period)
- Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadīm (10th-century catalogue of Arabic literature)
- Syriac and Armenian Literature
- Writings of Ephrem the Syrian (4th century Christian hymns/theology in Syriac)
- The History of the Armenians by Movses Khorenatsi (Armenian classic)
- Later Ottoman and Turkish Classics
- Additional Influential Texts and Genres
- Jewish Midrashic Literature (e.g., Midrash Rabbah)
- Sufi treatises and poetry collections (e.g., ʿAttār’s Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr)
- Works of Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā) and Averroes (Ibn Rushd) (Philosophical classics)
- Ancient Mesopotamian and Near Eastern Literature
- African Classics (아프리카 고전)
- Ancient Egyptian Literature
- The Book of the Dead (Papyrus of Ani, etc.)
- Pyramid Texts (Old Kingdom funerary texts)
- Coffin Texts (Middle Kingdom funerary texts)
- The Tale of Sinuhe
- The Story of Wenamun
- Instruction of Ptahhotep (Old Kingdom wisdom literature)
- Instruction of Merikare
- Ethiopian (Aksumite and Post-Aksumite) Literature
- Kebra Nagast (The Glory of Kings)
- Ge’ez Bible (Ethiopic Bible, including the Book of Enoch)
- Fetha Nagast (Law of the Kings)
- Ge’ez Hagiographical Texts (Lives of the saints and Ethiopian Orthodox traditions)
- Monastic and theological works from Ethiopian Christian tradition
- Sahelian and West African Islamic Literature
- Timbuktu Manuscripts (Malian scholarly tradition: astronomy, medicine, history, jurisprudence)
- Works of Ahmed Baba, Abd al-Rahman al-Sa’di (e.g. Tarikh al-Sudan, Tarikh al-Fattash)
- Sufi treatises and religious poetry from West African Tijani and Qadiriyya scholars
- Epic and Oral Traditions of West Africa
- Epic of Sundiata (Mali/Mande tradition)
- Mande Hunters’ Epics (e.g., Sunjata’s hunters’ predecessors)
- Jeli (Griot) oral traditions – praise poems, genealogies, proverbs
- Yoruba Ifá Divination Corpus (Odù Ifá)
- Hausa and Fulani oral epics and praise poems
- Akan proverbs and Ananse tales (Ghana)
- North African and Berber Traditions
- Berber oral poetry and folk tales
- Early Christian texts from the Church of Carthage (e.g., Tertullian’s Latin works)
- Kabyle epics and oral narratives
- Eastern African Traditions
- Early Swahili poetry and prose (e.g., "Utendi wa Tambuka")
- Somali Oral Poetry (Gabay)
- East African historical and clan narratives
- Central and Southern African Traditions
- Additional Influential African Texts and Genres
- Modern Written Classics with Ancient Roots (Transitional Works)
- Ancient Egyptian Literature
- Mesoamerican and South American Classics (메소아메리카 및 남아메리카 고전)
- Mesoamerican Classics
- Maya
- Popol Vuh (Kʼicheʼ Maya creation myth, compiled in post-conquest era)
- Chilam Balam (Yucatec Maya prophetic and historical books)
- Dresden Codex (Maya hieroglyphic codex)
- Madrid Codex (Maya codex of rituals and divinatory material)
- Paris Codex (Maya astronomical and historical text)
- Aztec (Mexica) and Nahua Traditions
- Florentine Codex (Compiled by Bernardino de Sahagún, documenting Nahua culture and literature)
- Huei Tlamahuiçoltica and other Nahuatl annals
- Codex Borbonicus (Aztec divinatory manuscript)
- Codex Borgia (Ritual and divinatory Aztec manuscript)
- Huehuetlatolli (Collections of ancient Nahuatl speeches and moral discourses)
- Mixtec and Other Mesoamerican Cultures
- Codex Nuttall (Mixtec codex depicting genealogies and histories)
- Codex Selden (Mixtec pictographic narrative)
- Codex Bodley (Mixtec historical codex)
- Regional oral traditions and annals recorded by colonial-era chroniclers
- Maya
- South American Classics
- Inca and Andean Traditions
- Quipus (Inca knotted string records, not a “book” but a data system used for historical and administrative knowledge)
- Huarochirí Manuscript (Quechua religious and mythological traditions recorded in colonial times)
- Visitation documents, annals, and narratives recorded by early Spanish chroniclers, reflecting Inca lore
- Royal Commentaries of the Incas (Comentarios Reales) by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (a mestizo perspective blending Inca oral tradition with European forms)
- El Primer Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala (Andean worldview, history, and critique of colonial rule)
- Other Andean and South American Cultures
- Muisca (Chibcha) myths and calendrical traditions (Colombia)
- Aymara oral traditions (Bolivia/Peru)
- Mapuche oral epics and heroic narratives (Chile/Argentina)
- Guaraní creation myths and epic narratives (Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina)
- Quechua and Amazonian tribal oral literature (myths, ritual chants)
- Colonial-Era Indigenous and Mestizo Chronicles
- Crónicas del Perú by Pedro Cieza de León (Documenting Inca and other native traditions)
- Narratives by Juan de Betanzos (Quechua language informant for Inca history)
- Local cabildo records, testaments, and narratives merging indigenous oral memory with Spanish script
- Inca and Andean Traditions
- Additional Mesoamerican and South American Texts
- Mesoamerican Classics
- Classical Islamic World and Central Asia (이슬람 세계 및 중앙아시아 고전)
- Foundational Islamic Texts
- Qurʼan (Islam’s central religious text)
- Hadith Collections – Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Sunan Abī Dāwūd, Jāmiʿ at-Tirmidhī, etc.
- Tafsīr literature (Qur’anic exegesis), e.g. Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī
- Sīra (Prophetic biography) literature – Ibn Hishām, Ibn Isḥāq
- Islamic Law and Theology
- Fiqh manuals and legal commentaries – al-Risālah of al-Shāfiʿī, Mukhtaṣar al-Qudūrī
- Kalām (Islamic theology) works – al-Ashʿarī, al-Māturīdī treatises
- The Revival of the Religious Sciences (Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn) by Al-Ghazālī
- Historical and Biographical Works
- Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk (History of Prophets and Kings) by al-Ṭabarī
- Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldūn
- Murūj al-Dhahab by al-Masʿūdī
- Al-Kāmil fī al-Taʾrīkh by Ibn al-Athīr
- Bāburnāma (Memoirs of Babur) – Reflecting the Timurid/Mughal transition from Central Asia to India
- Persianate Literary and Intellectual Traditions
- Central Asian Intellectual Heritage
- Works of al-Fārābī (Turkic philosopher, important in logic and metaphysics)
- Works of Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) – The Canon of Medicine (Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb), The Book of Healing (Kitāb al-Shifāʾ)
- Works of al-Bīrūnī – Al-Āthār al-Bāqiyah (Chronology of Ancient Nations), Kitāb fī Taḥqīq mā li-l-Hind
- Rubāʿiyyāt of Omar Khayyām (Philosophical quatrains)
- Al-Kashshāf by al-Zamakhsharī (Qur’anic commentary by a scholar from Khwarezm)
- Sufi treatises by ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī – Central in spiritual literature
- Sufi and Mystical Texts
- Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam (Bezels of Wisdom) by Ibn ʿArabī
- Manāzil al-Sāʾirīn by Al-Harawī (Sufi path stations)
- Naqshbandīya Sufi order writings originating in Central Asia
- Turkic and Chaghatai Literature
- Works of ʿAlī Shīr Navāʾī (Chaghatai Turkic poet and mystic)
- Poetry of Maxtumquli Pyragy (Turkmen poet, slightly later period but building on classical tradition)
- Kutadgu Bilig by Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib (Wisdom literature from the Karakhanid period)
- Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk by Maḥmūd al-Kāshgharī (Early Turkic dictionary and cultural compendium)
- Arabic Literary Classics
- Muʿallaqāt (Pre-Islamic “Hanging Odes”)
- Kalīla wa Dimna (Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ’s Arabic adaptation of Indian fables)
- Kitāb al-Ḥayawān (Book of Animals) by al-Jāḥiẓ
- Maqāmāt (assemblies) by al-Hamadhānī and al-Ḥarīrī (Early Arabic prose narrative)
- Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān by Ibn Ṭufayl (Philosophical tale)
- Scientific and Philosophical Works
- Works of al-Kindī (Philosophy, mathematics, medicine)
- Al-Khwārizmī’s Algebra (Al-Kitāb al-Mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wal-muqābala)
- Kitāb al-Manāẓir (Book of Optics) by Ibn al-Haytham
- Works of al-Rāzī (Rhazes) (Medicine, philosophy, alchemy)
- Works of al-Juwaynī and al-Ghazālī on theology and jurisprudence
- Historical and Geographical Works from Central Asia and the Islamic World
- Additional Cultural and Literary Heritage
- Foundational Islamic Texts
- Classical Russian and Eastern European Traditions (러시아 및 동유럽 고전)
- Early East Slavic and Kievan Rus’ Literature
- The Primary Chronicle (Повесть временных лет) – Attributed to Nestor, a key source on early Rus’ history
- The Tale of Igor’s Campaign (Слово о полку Игореве) – Epic narrative poem of heroic struggle
- Novgorod and Pskov Chronicles – Regional annals detailing local history
- Hagiographies of early Rus’ Saints (e.g., Boris and Gleb)
- Old Church Slavonic translations of the Bible and liturgical texts by Saints Cyril and Methodius’ disciples
- Church Slavonic and Orthodox Literary Traditions
- Old Church Slavonic Bible (Gospels, Psalter, and other scriptural texts)
- Didactic and homiletic literature (Слова, Poučenija) in Church Slavonic
- Apocrypha, Lives of saints, and moral treatises spread across Slavic lands
- Hesychast and spiritual writings transmitted from Byzantine Orthodox monasticism to Eastern Europe
- Medieval Russian Legal and Instructional Texts
- Russkaya Pravda – Early Rus’ law code
- Domostroi – 16th-century Muscovite manual of household management and moral instruction
- Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Ruthenian Traditions
- Lithuanian–Ruthenian Chronicles – Chronicling the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenian lands
- Polyk’s Chronicle and others documenting regional histories
- Ukrainian “Dumy” (epic songs) – Oral poetic traditions later recorded in writing
- South Slavic (Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian) Medieval Literature
- Literature of the First Bulgarian Empire (9th–10th centuries) – Works of the Preslav and Ohrid literary schools
- Cyrillic manuscripts such as the Codex Suprasliensis, Codex Zographensis, and others
- Lives of Saints Clement of Ohrid, Naum, and other disciples of Cyril and Methodius
- Serbian epic poetry – Oral epics of the Kosovo cycle and the Marko Kraljević cycle, later transcribed
- Ragusan (Dubrovnik) and Dalmatian Latin/Slavonic literary traditions in the medieval Adriatic
- Czech and Slovak Medieval Works
- Dalimil Chronicle (Kronika tak řečeného Dalimila) – Old Czech verse chronicle
- Czech Apocrypha and medieval legends (e.g., about St. Wenceslas)
- Writings of Jan Hus and Hussite religious texts – Though later than medieval classics, they had a formative influence
- Polish Medieval and Renaissance Classics
- Chronica Polonorum by Gallus Anonymus – Early Polish history
- Marcin Bielski’s Chronicles – Renaissance era, reflecting medieval traditions
- Works of Jan Kochanowski (Renaissance Polish poet) – Bridges medieval and early modern
- Polish religious texts and lives of saints in early vernacular
- Hungarian Medieval Classics
- Gesta Hungarorum – Latin chronicles describing the origins of the Hungarians
- Gesta of King Béla and other medieval Hungarian chronicles
- Old Hungarian Lamentations and Codices (e.g., Halotti Beszéd, the earliest Hungarian sermon)
- Romanian and Moldavian Traditions
- Baltic and Finno-Ugric Oral Traditions (Later Recorded)
- Latvian Dainas – Brief folk songs and verses (oral to written)
- Kalevala (Finnish) & Kalevipoeg (Estonian) – Not Eastern Slavic, but Finno-Ugric epics often considered in broader Eastern European context
- Lithuanian folk songs, sutartinės – Collected and published in modern times, reflecting older traditions
- Additional Influential Eastern European Texts
- Byzantine-Slavonic liturgical texts and translations – Binding cultural and religious continuity
- Ballads, legends, and heroic narratives from Eastern Carpathians to the Balkans
- Folk tale collections later compiled by scholars (e.g., Afanasyev’s Russian Fairy Tales, though 19th century, contain old motifs)
- Proverbs, riddles, and wisdom literature passed down orally, forming the bedrock of regional cultural identity
- Early East Slavic and Kievan Rus’ Literature
- Oceanian Classics (오세아니아 고전)
- Polynesian Traditions
- Kumulipo (Hawaiian creation chant) – A genealogical prayer chant tracing the Hawaiian cosmos’ origins
- Other Hawaiian genealogical chants (Mele Ko‘ihonua) and hula chants preserving ancestral lines and mythic events
- Māori oral tradition (Kōrero Tuku Iho) – Whakapapa (genealogies), karakia (prayers), and waiata (songs) transmitted by tohunga (specialist priests)
- Mōteatea (Māori chanted poetry) – Lyrical laments, love songs, and historical narratives
- Cook Islands (Rarotongan, Mangaian) legends – Creation stories, chiefly genealogies, and migratory chants
- Tongan oral traditions – Tales of Maui, genealogical recitations of Tongan kings, and langi (ceremonial songs)
- Tahitian and Society Islands cosmogonies – Narratives centered on Ta‘aroa, Oro, and the pantheon of gods
- Samoan creation stories and genealogical lore – Oral histories of Tagaloa and migration myths
- Micronesian Traditions
- Marshallese navigational chants and lore – Stick chart knowledge, star paths, and clan genealogies
- Chuukese (Trukese) myths and legends – Stories of ancestral spirits, islands’ origins, and social norms
- I-Kiribati genealogical chants – Origin narratives linking islands, ancestors, and moral instructions
- Palauan legends and myths – Clan histories, supernatural beings, and traditional moral values
- Melanesian Traditions
- Fijian oral histories – Tales of first arrivals, cultural heroes (e.g., Lutunasobasoba), and kava rituals
- Solomon Islands epic narratives – Clan genealogies, spirit beings, and moral lessons embedded in stories
- Vanuatu kastom stories – Myth cycles explaining land names, rituals, and social laws
- Papuan (New Guinea) epic chants and cosmologies – Complex origin stories, river spirits, and ancestral migrations
- Melanesian dance-dramas and ceremonial chants – Initiation rites, healing songs, and knowledge of land and lineage
- Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander Traditions
- The Dreaming (Tjukurpa) narratives – Cosmological accounts of how ancestral beings shaped the land, establishing law and custom
- Songlines – Routes connecting sacred sites across Australia, embedding geography, history, and moral law in music and chant
- Aboriginal hero tales and clan genealogies – Oral knowledge transmitted through corroborees (ceremonial gatherings)
- Torres Strait Islander myths and dance-epics – Stories of ancestral heroes, cosmological journeys, and cultural protocols
- Additional Oceanian Cultural Expressions
- Rongorongo glyphs of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) – Undeciphered script possibly linked to oral recitations and calendrical knowledge
- Polynesian/Micronesian wayfinding lore – Oral instructions for open-ocean navigation using stars, swells, and bird patterns
- Marquesan legends and genealogies – Islands’ origins, ancestor cults, and heroic figures
- Initiation chants and “magic words” – Used in gardening, fishing, and healing across various Oceanian islands
- Anthropologically recorded proverbs, riddles, and moral tales – Preserved by scholars, reflecting age-old wisdom and identity
- Polynesian Traditions
- Classical Southeast Asian Literature (동남아시아 고전)
- Mainland Southeast Asia
- Khmer (Cambodia)
- Reamker – The Cambodian adaptation of the Ramayana, inscribed in verse and performed in dance drama
- Inscriptions of Angkor (e.g. Prasat Kôk Po inscriptions) – Early Khmer epigraphy containing royal edicts, religious dedications, and eulogies
- Khmer Buddhist Jātaka stories and moral tales – Adaptations and retellings of Pali sources into Khmer
- Thai (Siam)
- Ramakien – Thai version of the Ramayana narrative, composed in the Ayutthaya and Rattanakosin periods
- Trai Phum Phra Ruang (Three Worlds According to King Lithai) – Cosmological treatise blending Buddhism and indigenous beliefs
- Lilit Phra Lo – A classical Thai lyrical narrative poem
- Royal chronicles of Ayutthaya and Lanna – Historical prose traditions chronicling royal lineages and events
- Lao (Laos)
- Phra Lak Phra Lam – Lao adaptation of the Ramayana epic
- Sin Xay – A Lao heroic epic poem reflecting moral and cultural values
- Jātaka-based narratives and oral poetry (Mor Lam tradition)
- Burmese (Myanmar)
- Yama Zatdaw – Burmese Ramayana adaptation
- Glass Palace Chronicle (Hmannan Yazawin) – Semilegendary royal chronicle of Burmese kings
- Commentaries on Pāli Buddhist canon, Nissaya literature – Burmese translations and exegeses of Buddhist texts
- Jātaka stories, dhamma literature, and Sān kyam (didactic texts)
- Vietnamese
- Chữ Nôm literary works – Adaptations of Chinese classics, folk tales, and poetry in the vernacular script
- Medieval Vietnamese annals (e.g., Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư) combining Confucian historiography with indigenous elements
- Legends of Lạc Long Quân, Âu Cơ, and Thánh Gióng recorded in folk narratives and later chronicles
- Khmer (Cambodia)
- Maritime Southeast Asia
- Indonesian (Javanese, Balinese, Sundanese)
- Nagarakretagama by Mpu Prapañca – A 14th-century Javanese eulogy to the Majapahit Empire, a key kakawin (court poetry)
- Kakawin Rāmāyaṇa – Old Javanese rendition of the Ramayana
- Javanese Mahabharata and Arjunawijaya kakawin – Courtly adaptations of Indian epics
- Panji Tales – Indigenous Javanese cycle of romantic and heroic stories widely diffused across Southeast Asia
- Balinese lontar manuscripts preserving kakawin literature, ritual texts, and treatises on dance, music, and moral conduct
- Malay World (Malaysia, Brunei, Sumatra, Borneo)
- Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals) – A chronicle of the Malacca Sultanate blending history and legend
- Hikayat Hang Tuah – Epic romance about the legendary hero Hang Tuah, reflecting loyalty and valor
- Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain and other Hikayats – Adaptations of Islamic, Persian, and Indian narratives into Malay court literature
- Syair and pantun – Malay classical poetic forms encapsulating wisdom, moral lessons, and social values
- Philippine Archipelago
- Pre-Hispanic epics such as the Hinilawod (Hiligaynon) – Oral epic narratives celebrating culture heroes, ancestors, and deities
- Ifugao Hudhud chants, Kalinga Ullalim, Maranao Darangen – Precolonial oral epics recognized by UNESCO, preserving heroic and cosmological narratives
- Chants and genealogies from various Philippine ethno-linguistic groups – Recorded in colonial era, but reflecting ancient oral traditions
- Other Archipelagic Traditions
- Wayang kulit and wayang beber narratives – Shadow play scripts based on the Ramayana and Mahabharata performed across Java, Bali, and Lombok
- Sureq Galigo (La Galigo) – Epic literature of the Bugis of Sulawesi, one of the longest literary works in the world
- Batak pustaha (magic books), Minangkabau tambo, and oral genealogies – Reflecting indigenous cosmologies, customary laws (adat), and historical memory
- Indonesian (Javanese, Balinese, Sundanese)
- Cross-Influences and Religious Texts
- Pāli Canon translations throughout Theravāda Buddhist Southeast Asia (Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia) influencing local literature
- Adoption of Islamic literature (Hikayat, Suluk) in Malay, Acehnese, and Javanese traditions
- Sanskrit inscriptions, Khmer and Cham adaptations of Hindu and Buddhist tales linking to Indian and East Asian classics
- Additional Expressions
- Classical moral and didactic texts (e.g. Panung Sastra in Thai, Nīti literature in Burmese)
- Versified historical chronicles, royal genealogies, and courtly poems (e.g., Lilit and Kap compositions in Thai and Lao tradition)
- Collections of proverbs, riddles, and folk narratives that form the moral and cultural backbone of local communities
- Mainland Southeast Asia
Notes
- 孔子之私學
- 조선은 주자학 때문에 망했을까?
- Scholars (學者, 학자)
- Old texts (古文, 고문)
- Three bonds and five relationships (三綱五倫, 삼강오륜)
- Korean 國樂의 意義
- Internet privacy
- 大學之道在止於至善
- 조선시대의 兩班들의 삶 (Life of Yangbans during Joseon dynasty)
- 24 Seasons (二十四節氣, 24절기)
- Hanja IME (漢字入力, 한자입력) - ZhengMa Input Method (鄭碼輸入法, 정마수입법)
- How Korean pronunciations of hanja are linked to Chinese pronunciation
- 朱子家禮
- 진리편독삼자경
- 한국학 디지털 아카이브
- [1] (2024-08-26)
Classical Education/Arts (古藝, 고예)
Eastern (東)
- Six Arts (六藝, 육예) from Zhou (周, 주) (1046 - 256 BC)
- Rites (禮, 례)
- Music (樂, 악)
- Archery (射, 사)
- Charioteering (御, 어)
- Calligraphy (書, 서)
- Mathematics (數, 수) (장기나 바둑같은 것도 數에 포함)
- Four Arts (四藝) from Tang (唐, 당) (618 - 907 AD)
- Stringed instrument, qin/guqin (琴, 금)
- Strategy game of baduk, go, qi/weiqi (棋/圍棋, 바둑, 기)
- Calligraphy, shu (書, 서)
- Painting, hua (畫, 화)
- 서당 (書堂, Village School)
- By countries
Western (西)
- Liberal arts education since Boethius (보이티우스 (또는 보에티우스) 이후의 교양교육)
- Trivium (三學, 삼학)
- Grammar (文法, 문법)
- Logic (論理學, 논리학)
- Rhetoric (修辭學, 수사학)
- Quadrivium (四科, 사과)
- Arithmetic; abstractions
- Geometry; spatial
- Music; time
- Astronomy; spacetime
- Advanced (高等敎育, 고등교육)
- Theology (神學, 신학)
- Philosophy (哲學, 철학)
- Trivium (三學, 삼학)
- Modern liberal arts education
- Arts (fine arts, music, performing arts, literature)
- Philosophy
- Religious studies
- Social science (anthropology, geography, history, jurisprudence, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology)
- Mathematics
- Natural Sciences (biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, earth sciences)
Classical Music (古樂, 고악)
- East Asian Music (極東樂, 극동악)
- Theoretical Foundations and Historical Contexts
- Yayue (雅樂) – Ancient Chinese court music tradition that influenced other East Asian court musics
- Chinese music theory (音樂理論) – Pentatonic scales (gong, shang, jue, zhi, yu), 12 lu (十二律), Confucian music philosophy
- Aak (雅樂 아악) – Korean ceremonial court music derived from Chinese yayue
- Gagaku (雅楽 가가쿠) – Japanese imperial court music, also influenced by Chinese yayue and Korean aak traditions
- Korea (韓國, 한국)
- Court and Aristocratic Music (정악, Jeongak)
- Aak (雅樂 아악) – Confucian shrine and royal ancestral ritual music
- Dangak – Court music of Tang Chinese origin
- Hyangak – Native Korean court music
- Yeominrak – A representative piece of Korean royal court music
- Sujecheon – Famous instrumental piece of Korean court music
- Literati and Chamber Music
- Folk-Based Classical Forms
- Instruments (관악기/현악기/타악기)
- String Instruments
- Gayageum (伽倻琴, 가야금) – 12-string zither
- Geomungo – 6-string zither with a deeper sound
- Haegum – Two-stringed vertical fiddle
- Wind Instruments
- Daegeum – Large transverse bamboo flute with a buzzing membrane
- Piri – Double-reed bamboo oboe-like instrument
- Taepyeongso – Loud double-reed conical oboe
- Percussion Instruments
- Janggu – Hourglass-shaped drum
- Buk – Barrel drum
- Kkwaenggwari – Small handheld gong
- Jing – Larger gong
- String Instruments
- Court and Aristocratic Music (정악, Jeongak)
- China (中國, 중국)
- Court and Ritual Music
- Yayue – Elegant music performed in imperial courts and Confucian temples
- Zhou and Han ritual music – Early dynastic ceremonial music forming the foundation of Chinese classical tradition
- Scholarly and Literati Traditions
- Guqin (古琴, 고금) – Seven-string fretless zither associated with scholars, Confucians, Daoists
- Guqin repertoire – Known for ancient pieces like “Guangling San”, “Flowing Water (Liu Shui)”
- Regional Classical Operas and Genres (Seen as part of classical tradition)
- Kunqu Opera – One of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera, highly refined
- Jingju – Classical Beijing opera (though more recent, still rooted in classical traditions)
- Instrumental Traditions
- String Instruments (Plucked)
- Guzheng (古箏, 고쟁) – 21-string zither with movable bridges
- Pipa (琵琶, 비파) – Pear-shaped lute
- Ruan – Moon-shaped lute
- Sanxian – Three-stringed fretless lute
- Liuqin – Small mandolin-like lute
- Bowed String Instruments
- Wind Instruments
- Percussion Instruments
- String Instruments (Plucked)
- Court and Ritual Music
- Japan (日本, 일본)
- Court and Ritual Music (雅楽, Gagaku)
- Gagaku – Imperial court music tradition including:
- Bugaku – Court dance music
- Kuniburi no Utamai – Indigenous Shinto ritual songs and dances
- Instruments of Gagaku
- Gagaku – Imperial court music tradition including:
- Buddhist Chanting and Sacred Music
- Shōmyō – Buddhist liturgical chanting
- Theatre and Vocal Music
- Noh theatre music – Subtle ensemble of flute and drums accompanying chanted drama
- Heikyoku – Biwa-accompanied recitation of The Tale of the Heike
- Chamber Music and Artistic Genres
- Sankyoku – Ensemble of koto, shamisen, and shakuhachi
- Sokyoku (箏曲, 쟁곡) – Koto music, often combined with shamisen and voice
- Shakuhachi – End-blown bamboo flute, linked to Zen meditation (komusō monks)
- Shamisen – Three-stringed lute used in a range of classical genres (Jiuta, Nagauta)
- Gidayū-bushi – Chanted narrative style for Bunraku puppet theatre
- Court and Ritual Music (雅楽, Gagaku)
- Other East Asian Traditions
- Mongolian Court and Classical Music
- Historical Mongolian liturgical and court songs – Oral tradition preserved in Mongol royal courts
- Morin Khuur – Horse-head fiddle, iconic Mongolian bowed instrument
- Urtyn Duu – Ancient form of Mongolian extended vocal performance with wide vocal range
- Ryukyuan/Okinawan Court Music
- Ryūkyūan court music – Classical tradition influenced by both Japanese gagaku and Chinese court music
- Sanshin – Three-stringed lute used in classical Ryukyuan music
- Influences in Vietnam (While culturally closer to Southeast Asia, historically influenced by Chinese music theory)
- Mongolian Court and Classical Music
- Additional Classical Themes and Genres
- Ritual and Ancestral Ceremonies
- Confucian temple music in China, Korea, Vietnam
- Shinto shrine kagura performances in Japan
- Scholarly and Solo Repertoires
- Guqin solo repertoire (China)
- Geomungo sanjo and gayageum sanjo (Korea)
- Shakuhachi honkyoku pieces (Japan)
- Ensemble and Orchestral Traditions
- Jingju orchestra (China)
- Gagaku orchestra (Japan)
- Jeongak court ensemble (Korea)
- Ritual and Ancestral Ceremonies
- Music Notation Systems
- Gongchepu – Chinese traditional notation
- Jeongganbo – Korean notation system for pitches and rhythms
- Kunkunshi – Ryukyuan/Okinawan koto and sanshin notation
- Various mnemonic and oral transmission techniques in Noh, gagaku, and qin playing
- Theoretical Foundations and Historical Contexts
Traditional Medicine (古醫書, 고의서)
- Donguibogam: Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine (東醫寶鑑, 동의보감)
- 한약자원연구센터 (kiom.re.kr) (e.g. https://herba.kr/boncho/?m=view&t=dict&id=8737)
Traditional Architecture (古建築, 고건축/전통건축)
- Reference notes
- Korea (韓國, 한국)
- China (中國, 중국)
- Japan (日本, 일본)
- Ancient architecture
Language Learning
Development
- Databases
- Development
- Networking
- Drivers
More development related contents are available via WIP
Ministry
- 교회사역 관련 자료 (Ministry Resources)
- Missions (宣敎, 선교)
- 日本キリスト教
- Bibles (聖經, 성경)
- Bible reading plans (聖經閱讀計劃表, 성경읽기표)
- [1year.html 관주성경사이트 읽기표]
- 분당우리교회 읽기표
- Tyndale 일년 읽기표
- Devotionals (敬虔文書, 경건문서)
- 오스왈드 챔버스作 《주님은 나의 최고봉》 現況進行中 (오늘의 글 읽기)
- 오스왈드 챔버스作 《제자를 위한 매일의 생각》 現況進行中
- 토마스 아 켐피스作 《그리스도를 본받아》 現況進行中
- Common misunderstandings (反管窺蠡測 일반적인 오해)