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*** [[Kunkunshi (工工四)|Kunkunshi]] – Ryukyuan/Okinawan koto and sanshin notation
*** [[Kunkunshi (工工四)|Kunkunshi]] – Ryukyuan/Okinawan koto and sanshin notation
*** Various mnemonic and oral transmission techniques in Noh, gagaku, and qin playing
*** Various mnemonic and oral transmission techniques in Noh, gagaku, and qin playing
<hr/>
* Western Classical Music
** Medieval (c. 500–1400)
*** [[Gregorian Chant]] – Monophonic sacred chant of the Western Roman Catholic Church
*** Other Latin liturgical traditions: [[Ambrosian chant]], [[Mozarabic chant]], [[Gallican chant]]
*** Early polyphony and organum – e.g. [[Léonin]] and [[Pérotin]] of the Notre Dame School
*** Secular monophony – [[Troubadour]] and [[Trouvère]] songs in France, [[Minnesänger]] in Germany
** Renaissance (c. 1400–1600)
*** Polyphonic vocal music – [[Mass (Missa)]], [[Motet]], [[Chanson]], [[Madrigal]]
*** Franco-Flemish School: [[Guillaume Du Fay]], [[Johannes Ockeghem]], [[Josquin des Prez]]
*** Roman School: [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]] (model of Catholic church music)
*** Venetian School: [[Giovanni Gabrieli]] (polychoral style)
*** Refined counterpoint theory (e.g. Gioseffo Zarlino)
** Baroque (c. 1600–1750)
*** Early Baroque: [[Claudio Monteverdi]] (transitional figure from Renaissance to Baroque, opera “L’Orfeo”)
*** Opera’s beginnings in Italy: [[Florentine Camerata]], Jacopo Peri, Giulio Caccini
*** French Baroque: [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]], [[François Couperin]]
*** German Baroque: [[Heinrich Schütz]], [[Dietrich Buxtehude]]
*** High Baroque masters:
**** [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] – Cantatas, passions, fugues, “Well-Tempered Clavier”
**** [[George Frideric Handel]] – Oratorios (“Messiah”), operas, instrumental works
**** [[Antonio Vivaldi]] – Violin concertos (“The Four Seasons”)
*** Development of tonal harmony, basso continuo, dance suites
** Classical (c. 1750–1820)
*** Viennese Classicism:
**** [[Joseph Haydn]] – The “father” of the symphony and string quartet
**** [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] – Operas, symphonies, concertos, chamber music
**** [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] (early period) – Transitional figure from Classical to Romantic
*** Rise of instrumental genres: [[Symphony]], [[String Quartet]], [[Sonata]], [[Concerto]]
*** Sonata form, balance, clarity, and public concerts
*** [[Christoph Willibald Gluck]] – Opera reform
** Romantic (c. 1820–1900)
*** Expansion of emotional expression, chromaticism, larger orchestras
*** Early Romantics: [[Franz Schubert]], [[Carl Maria von Weber]], [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Frédéric Chopin]], [[Robert Schumann]], [[Hector Berlioz]] (program symphony)
*** High Romantics:
**** [[Richard Wagner]] – Music dramas, leitmotifs
**** [[Giuseppe Verdi]] – Italian opera
**** [[Johannes Brahms]] – Absolute music (symphonies, chamber works)
**** [[Franz Liszt]] – Virtuosic piano works, symphonic poems
**** [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] – Russian symphonies, ballets
**** [[Anton Bruckner]] – Grand symphonies
*** Nationalism in music: [[Bedřich Smetana]], [[Antonín Dvořák]], [[Modest Mussorgsky]], [[Edvard Grieg]], [[Jean Sibelius]]
*** Late Romantic trends leading towards more complex harmonies and expanded forms
* Genres, Forms, and Styles (up to the Romantic era)
** Sacred Music Forms
*** [[Mass]] (Ordinary and Proper), [[Requiem]], [[Motet]], [[Cantata]], [[Passion]], [[Oratorio]]
*** Choral anthems, Lutheran chorales, Catholic liturgical music
** Secular Vocal Forms
*** [[Opera]] – Developed from early Baroque through Classical to grand Romantic operas
*** [[Art Song / Lied]] – Prominent in the Romantic era (Schubert, Schumann, Brahms), French chanson and mélodie
*** [[Madrigal]], [[Chanson]], [[Partsong]] – Renaissance secular vocal music
** Instrumental Forms
*** [[Symphony]] – Emerged in the Classical era, expanded in the Romantic
*** [[Concerto]] – Baroque concerto grosso to Classical solo concerto, extended in the Romantic era
*** [[Sonata]] – Keyboard and instrumental sonatas in Classical and Romantic eras
*** [[String Quartet]], [[Trio]], [[Quintet]] – Chamber music tradition
*** [[Suite]], [[Partita]], [[Overture]], [[Symphonic Poem]] (Romantic programmatic form)
*** Dance forms: [[Allemande]], [[Courante]], [[Sarabande]], [[Gigue]] (Baroque suites), [[Minuet and Trio]] (Classical), [[Waltz]], [[Mazurka]], [[Polonaise]] (Romantic character dances)
* Performance Contexts and Ensembles
** Orchestras (Codified during Classical and Romantic periods)
** Chamber ensembles (string quartets, piano trios)
** Opera companies and court opera houses
** Church choirs and cathedral music establishments
** Noble and bourgeois salon concerts in 18th and 19th centuries
* Instruments and Instrumental Families (Pre-20th Century)
** Strings: [[Violin]], [[Viola]], [[Cello]], [[Double Bass]]
** Early strings: [[Lute]], [[Viole da gamba]]
** Keyboards: [[Piano]] (Classical and Romantic), [[Harpsichord]] (Renaissance/Baroque), [[Organ]]
** Woodwinds: [[Flute]], [[Oboe]], [[Clarinet]], [[Bassoon]], [[Recorder]] (earlier periods)
** Brass: [[Horn]], [[Trumpet]], [[Trombone]] (Sackbut in earlier forms), [[Natural Horn]]
** Percussion: [[Timpani]], occasional use of other percussion in Romantic works
* Theory, Notation, and Treatises
** Medieval and Renaissance Theorists: [[Guido d’Arezzo]] (solmization), [[Johannes Tinctoris]], [[Gioseffo Zarlino]]
** Baroque and Classical Theory: Figured bass, thoroughbass; [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]] (Treatise on Harmony)
** Staff notation and mensural notation developed in Medieval/Renaissance, printing in the Renaissance
** 19th-century Tonal Harmony Theory: Pre-Schenkerian approaches to voice-leading and functional harmony
* Influential Institutions and Patrons (before 1900)
** Church (Medieval, Renaissance patronage)
** Royal Courts and Aristocracy (Baroque, Classical)
** Rise of Public Concerts (Classical) and Middle-Class Audiences (Romantic)
** Conservatories and Academies emerging in the 19th century
* Additional Movements and Influences (before 1900)
** Ars Nova in Medieval France (Machaut)
** Camerata in Florence initiating early opera
** Mannheim School (pre-Classical orchestral style)
** Folk influences and Nationalistic trends in the Romantic era
** Early music revival began in the late 19th century, though fully blossoming in the 20th century


== Traditional Medicine (古醫書, 고의서) ==
== Traditional Medicine (古醫書, 고의서) ==

Revision as of 00:13, 10 December 2024

Classical Literature (古典文學 고전문학)


Notes

Classical Education/Arts (古藝, 고예)

Eastern (東)

Western (西)

  • Liberal arts education since Boethius (보이티우스 (또는 보에티우스) 이후의 교양교육)
    • Trivium (三學, 삼학)
      • Grammar (文法, 문법)
      • Logic (論理學, 논리학)
      • Rhetoric (修辭學, 수사학)
    • Quadrivium (四科, 사과)
      • Arithmetic; abstractions
      • Geometry; spatial
      • Music; time
      • Astronomy; spacetime
    • Advanced (高等敎育, 고등교육)
      • Theology (神學, 신학)
      • Philosophy (哲學, 철학)
  • Modern liberal arts education
    • Arts (fine arts, music, performing arts, literature)
    • Philosophy
    • Religious studies
    • Social science (anthropology, geography, history, jurisprudence, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology)
    • Mathematics
    • Natural Sciences (biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, earth sciences)

Classical Music (古樂, 고악)

  • East Asian Music (極東樂, 극동악)
    • Theoretical Foundations and Historical Contexts
    • Korea (韓國, 한국)
      • Court and Aristocratic Music (정악, Jeongak)
        • Aak (雅樂 아악) – Confucian shrine and royal ancestral ritual music
        • Dangak – Court music of Tang Chinese origin
        • Hyangak – Native Korean court music
        • Yeominrak – A representative piece of Korean royal court music
        • Sujecheon – Famous instrumental piece of Korean court music
      • Literati and Chamber Music
        • Gagok – Lyrical, refined vocal music accompanied by traditional chamber ensemble
        • Jeongga – General term for refined vocal music of the upper classes
      • Folk-Based Classical Forms
        • Pansori – Narrative singing accompanied by a drum, elevated to a classical art form
        • Sanjo – Instrumental solo accompanied by drum, considered a pinnacle of Korean classical instrumental music
      • Instruments (관악기/현악기/타악기)
        • String Instruments
        • Wind Instruments
          • Daegeum – Large transverse bamboo flute with a buzzing membrane
          • Piri – Double-reed bamboo oboe-like instrument
          • Taepyeongso – Loud double-reed conical oboe
        • Percussion Instruments
    • China (中國, 중국)
      • Court and Ritual Music
        • Yayue – Elegant music performed in imperial courts and Confucian temples
        • Zhou and Han ritual music – Early dynastic ceremonial music forming the foundation of Chinese classical tradition
      • Scholarly and Literati Traditions
        • Guqin (古琴, 고금) – Seven-string fretless zither associated with scholars, Confucians, Daoists
        • Guqin repertoire – Known for ancient pieces like “Guangling San”, “Flowing Water (Liu Shui)”
      • Regional Classical Operas and Genres (Seen as part of classical tradition)
        • Kunqu Opera – One of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera, highly refined
        • Jingju – Classical Beijing opera (though more recent, still rooted in classical traditions)
      • Instrumental Traditions
        • String Instruments (Plucked)
        • Bowed String Instruments
          • Erhu – Two-stringed fiddle widely used in classical and folk styles
          • Zhonghu – Lower-pitched cousin of the erhu
          • Gaohu – Higher-pitched fiddle used in Cantonese music
        • Wind Instruments
          • Xiao – End-blown bamboo flute
          • Dizi – Transverse bamboo flute with a membrane hole
          • Sheng – Free-reed mouth organ
          • Suona – Loud double-reed horn
          • Guan – Cylindrical double-reed pipe
        • Percussion Instruments
          • Bianzhong – Bronze chime bells of ancient China
          • Bianqing – Chime stones
          • Gongs, cymbals, drums (Tanggu, Daluo, Xiaoluo), and clappers forming classical percussion ensembles
    • Japan (日本, 일본)
      • Court and Ritual Music (雅楽, Gagaku)
        • Gagaku – Imperial court music tradition including:
        • Instruments of Gagaku
          • Shō – Free-reed mouth organ
          • Hichiriki – Short double-reed pipe
          • Ryūteki – Transverse bamboo flute
          • Biwa – Four-stringed lute used in court music (Gaku-biwa)
          • Koto – 13-string zither used in gagaku and later chamber music
          • Taiko – Drums of various sizes for court and shrine music
      • Buddhist Chanting and Sacred Music
        • Shōmyō – Buddhist liturgical chanting
      • Theatre and Vocal Music
        • Noh theatre music – Subtle ensemble of flute and drums accompanying chanted drama
        • Heikyoku – Biwa-accompanied recitation of The Tale of the Heike
      • Chamber Music and Artistic Genres
        • Sankyoku – Ensemble of koto, shamisen, and shakuhachi
        • Sokyoku (箏曲, 쟁곡) – Koto music, often combined with shamisen and voice
        • Shakuhachi – End-blown bamboo flute, linked to Zen meditation (komusō monks)
        • Shamisen – Three-stringed lute used in a range of classical genres (Jiuta, Nagauta)
        • Gidayū-bushi – Chanted narrative style for Bunraku puppet theatre
    • Other East Asian Traditions
      • Mongolian Court and Classical Music
      • Ryukyuan/Okinawan Court Music
        • Ryūkyūan court music – Classical tradition influenced by both Japanese gagaku and Chinese court music
        • Sanshin – Three-stringed lute used in classical Ryukyuan music
      • Influences in Vietnam (While culturally closer to Southeast Asia, historically influenced by Chinese music theory)
        • Nhã nhạc – Vietnamese court music of the Huế court, influenced by Chinese yayue
        • Đàn tranh – Zither similar to the guzheng/koto
        • Đàn bầu – Monochord instrument with subtle tonal inflections
    • Additional Classical Themes and Genres
      • Ritual and Ancestral Ceremonies
        • Confucian temple music in China, Korea, Vietnam
        • Shinto shrine kagura performances in Japan
      • Scholarly and Solo Repertoires
        • Guqin solo repertoire (China)
        • Geomungo sanjo and gayageum sanjo (Korea)
        • Shakuhachi honkyoku pieces (Japan)
      • Ensemble and Orchestral Traditions
        • Jingju orchestra (China)
        • Gagaku orchestra (Japan)
        • Jeongak court ensemble (Korea)
    • Music Notation Systems
      • Gongchepu – Chinese traditional notation
      • Jeongganbo – Korean notation system for pitches and rhythms
      • Kunkunshi – Ryukyuan/Okinawan koto and sanshin notation
      • Various mnemonic and oral transmission techniques in Noh, gagaku, and qin playing

Traditional Medicine (古醫書, 고의서)

Traditional Architecture (古建築, 고건축/전통건축)

Language Learning

Development

More development related contents are available via WIP

Ministry

Miscellaneous

WIP

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