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Classical Literature (古典文學 고전문학)

East Asian Confucian Classics (東洋儒敎古文 동양유교고문)

• • Beginning educational texts (初學 초학)
    • Three Character Classic (三字經 삼자경) 現況進行中, 開始日 2024-02-20
    • One Hundred Family Names (百家姓 백가성)
    • One Thousand Characters (千字文 천자문) 韓文完成, 終了日 2016-07-30
    • Four Character Book of Learning (四字小學 사자소학) 韓文完成, 終了日 2024-03-18
    • Compiled Writings (推句 추구) 原文完成, 終了日 2024-03-18
    • Prose (散文 산문)
      • Starting text for teaching the young (童蒙先習 동몽선습)
      • The Precious Mirror for A Bright Heart/Mind (明心寶鑑 명심보감)
      • The Secret of Expelling Ignorance (擊蒙要訣 격몽요결)
    • Misc
      • Combined Categories [of Various Topics for Tutelage of Children] (類合 유합)
      • Collection of Characters for Training the Unenlightened (訓蒙字會 훈몽자회)
  • Four Books and Five Classics (四書五經 사서오경)
    • 四書
      • The Great Learning (大學 대학) 現況進行中
      • Analects (論語 논어)
      • Mencius (孟子 맹자)
      • The Doctrine of Mean (中庸 중용)
    • 五經
      • Book of Odes (詩經 시경)
      • Book of Documents (書經 서경)
      • Book of Changes (易經 역경)
      • Book of Rites (禮記 예기)
        • Rites of Zhou (周禮 주례)
      • Annals of Spring and Autumn (春秋 춘추)
  • 孝
    • 孝子傳, 藝文類聚, 太平御覽, 搜神記
    • The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars (二十四孝 이십사효)
  • The Thirteen Classics (十三經 십삼경) from Han dynasty to Song dynasty
    • Book of Changes (易經 역경)
    • Book of Documents (書經 서경)
    • Book of Odes (詩經 시경)
    • Three [Books of] Rites (三禮 삼례)
      • Rites of Zhou (周禮 주례)
      • Ceremonies and Rites (儀禮 의례)
      • Book of Rites (禮記 예기)
    • The Great Learning (大學 대학)
    • The Doctrine of Mean (中庸 중용)
    • Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋三傳 춘추삼전)
      • The Commentary of Zuo (左傳 좌전)
      • The Commentary of Gongyang (公羊傳 공양전)
      • The Commentary of Guliang (穀梁傳 곡량전)
    • Analects (論語 논어)
    • The Classic of Filial Piety (孝經 효경)
    • Erya, the Dictionary (爾雅 이아)
    • Mencius (孟子 맹자)
  • East Asian Idioms based on Old Stories (故事成語, 고사성어) 現況進行中
  • Classical Chinese Characters (漢字, 한자) 現況槪念化

Other East Asian Classics (東亞古典 동아고전)

• • Chinese Classics (中國古典)
    • (All of the aforementioned Confucian classics above)
    • Other Confucian and Philosophical Classics
      • Xunzi (荀子)
      • Han Feizi (韓非子)
      • Daxue Yan Yi (大學衍義) by Zhu Xi
    • Daoist Classics
      • Daodejing (道德經) by Laozi
      • Zhuangzi (莊子)
      • Liezi (列子) and other Daoist texts
    • Historical Works
      • Shiji (史記) by Sima Qian – Foundational grand history of China
      • Hanshu (漢書), Hou Hanshu (後漢書), Sanguozhi (三國志) – Key standard histories (정사)
      • Zizhi Tongjian (資治通鑑) by Sima Guang – General chronicle of Chinese history
    • Literary and Poetic Masterpieces
      • Chuci (楚辭) – The Songs of Chu (Qu Yuan’s poetry)
      • Tang Poetry (唐詩), e.g. Li Bai, Du Fu, Wang Wei
      • Song Ci (宋詞) – Song Dynasty lyric poetry (Su Shi, Li Qingzhao)
    • Other Classic Works
      • Huangdi Neijing (黃帝內經) – Foundational Chinese medical text
      • Writings of the Hundred Schools of Thought – Mozi, Guanzi, Lüshi Chunqiu
      • Encyclopedic compendia like Taiping Guangji and Taiping Yulan
  • Japanese Classics (日本古典)
    • Mythological and Historical Records
      • Kojiki (古事記) – Records of Ancient Matters
      • Nihon Shoki (日本書紀) – Chronicles of Japan
      • Fudoki (風土記) – Regional gazetteers detailing geography and folklore
    • Literary Masterpieces
      • Man’yōshū (萬葉集) – Oldest extant collection of Japanese poetry
      • The Tale of Genji (源氏物語) by Murasaki Shikibu
      • The Tale of the Heike (平家物語) – Epic war tale
      • Kokin Wakashū (古今和歌集) – Imperial poetry anthology
    • Court and Cultural Texts
      • The Pillow Book (枕草子) by Sei Shōnagon
      • Honchō monzui – Literary anthology
    • Buddhist and Philosophical Works
      • Shōbōgenzō (正法眼藏) by Dōgen – Zen Buddhist classic
      • Commentaries on Lotus Sutra and other sutras in Sino-Japanese canon
    • Medieval and Edo Period Writings
      • Eihei Kōroku and other Zen texts
      • Tsurezuregusa (徒然草) by Yoshida Kenkō – Essays in Idleness
      • Haikai and Haiku poetry collections – Matsuo Bashō, Buson, Issa
  • Korean Classics (韓國古典)
    • Historical Records and Chronicles
      • Samguk Sagi (三國史記) – Oldest extant Korean historical record
      • Samguk Yusa (三國遺事) – Collection of legends, folktales, and historical accounts
      • Goryeosa (高麗史) – Official history of the Goryeo Dynasty
      • Joseon Wangjo Sillok (朝鮮王朝實錄) – Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
    • Confucian and Educational Texts
      • Sohak (小學) – Basic Confucian primer
      • Saja Sohak (四字小學) – Four-character elementary learning text
      • Gyeokmong Yogyul (擊蒙要訣) by Yi I (Yulgok) – Guide to Confucian learning
    • Literary and Poetic Masterpieces
      • Yongbi Eocheonga (龍飛御天歌) – Royal song in hangul celebrating the Joseon founders
      • Worin Cheon’gang Jigok (月印千江之曲) – Buddhist verse in hangul by King Sejong
      • Gajeonche literature – Didactic tales personifying objects (e.g. Geumo Sinhwa by Kim Si-seup)
      • Sijo poetry – Classical Korean poetic form
    • Philosophical and Religious Works
      • Collected Works of Yi Hwang (Toegye), Collected Works of Yi I (Yulgok) – Neo-Confucian scholarship
      • Korean Buddhist canons – Tripitaka Koreana (팔만대장경), woodblock printed
    • Miscellany
      • Hunminjeongeum (訓民正音) – Original promulgation of the Korean alphabet
      • Uibang Yuuchwi (醫方類聚) – Medical encyclopedia of Joseon Korea
      • Dongmong Seonseup (童蒙先習) – Elementary textbook
  • Mongolian and Other East Asian Traditions
    • Mongolian
      • The Secret History of the Mongols – Key epic narrative of Mongol origins and Chinggis Khan’s life
      • Yassa (Mongol law code) – Although not fully extant, its influence is legendary
      • Mongolian Buddhist translations and commentaries derived from Tibetan canons
    • Other Influences and Interactions
      • Khitan (Liao) and Jurchen (Jin) inscriptions and texts – Fragments of early non-Han East Asian states
      • Ryukyuan songs and legends – Oral traditions from the Ryukyu Kingdom (Okinawa)
      • Manchu script chronicles – Jurchen/Manchu histories like the Manchu Veritable Records of the Qing Dynasty
  • Additional East Asian Cultural and Intellectual Heritage
    • Literary Anthologies and Encyclopedias
      • Wenxuan (文選) – Chinese literary anthology widely read in East Asia
      • Works of notable Confucian scholars spread across East Asia
    • Religious Canonical Works
      • Chinese Buddhist Canon (대장경, Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō) and its influence on Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese literati
    • Oral Traditions and Folk Epics
      • Korean Pansori tales (later transcribed)
      • Japanese Kagura songs and oral Shinto myths that predate written records

Western Classics (西洋古典 서양고전)

• • Ancient Greek Epics and Poetry
    • The Iliad (Ἰλιάς) by Homer
    • The Odyssey (Ὀδύσσεια) by Homer
    • The Aeneid (Aeneis) by Virgil
    • Theogony (Θεογονία) by Hesiod
    • Odes (ἐπινίκια) by Pindar
  • Ancient Greek Drama
    • Works of Aeschylus (아이스킬로스)
    • Works of Sophocles (소포클레스)
    • Works of Euripides (에우리피데스)
    • Works of Aristophanes (아리스토파네스)
  • Greek Philosophical and Historical Works
    • Pre-Socratic fragments (e.g., Heraclitus, Parmenides)
    • Works of Plato (Πλάτων)
    • Socratic dialogues (via Plato and Xenophon)
    • Works of Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης)
    • Histories (Ἱστορίαι) by Herodotus
    • History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides (Θουκυδίδης)
    • The Histories by Polybius
  • Roman Classics (Epics, Poetry, and Prose)
    • The Aeneid by Virgil (Vergilius)
    • Metamorphoses by Ovid (Ovidius)
    • Odes and Epodes by Horace (Horatius)
    • Speeches and Philosophical Works by Cicero (Cicero)
    • Ab Urbe Condita by Livy
    • Annals and Histories by Tacitus
    • Works of Seneca (Seneca the Younger)
  • Canonical Religious Texts
    • Hebrew Bible / Old Testament
    • New Testament
    • Confessions (Confessiones) by Augustine of Hippo
    • City of God (De Civitate Dei) by Augustine
  • Medieval Western Classics
    • The Divine Comedy (La Divina Commedia) by Dante Alighieri
    • Confessions (Confessiones) by Augustine of Hippo
    • City of God (De Civitate Dei) by Augustine of Hippo
    • Beowulf
    • The Song of Roland (La Chanson de Roland)
    • Arthurian Romances (Chrétien de Troyes)
    • The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer
  • Early Modern Western Classics
    • Don Quixote (El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha) by Miguel de Cervantes
    • Essays (Les Essais) by Michel de Montaigne
    • Complete Works of William Shakespeare
    • The Prince (Il Principe) by Niccolò Machiavelli
    • Paradise Lost by John Milton
  • Additional Influential Texts
    • Metamorphoses by Ovid
    • The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio
    • Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas

South Asian or Indian Classics (남아시아 또는 인도 고전)

• • Vedic and Upanishadic Literature
    • The Vedas (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, Atharvaveda)
    • The Upanishads (e.g., Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya)
    • The Brāhmaṇas and Āraṇyakas
  • Epic and Itihasa Traditions
    • The Mahabharata
    • The Ramayana
    • The Bhagavad Gita (within the Mahabharata)
    • The Puranas (e.g., Vishnu Purana, Bhagavata Purana)
  • Sanskrit Poetry, Drama, and Classical Works
    • Abhijñānaśākuntalam by Kālidāsa
    • Works of Kālidāsa (e.g., Meghadūta, Kumārasambhava)
    • Works of Bāṇabhaṭṭa (e.g., Harṣacarita, Kādambarī)
    • Pañcatantra
    • Kirātārjunīya by Bhāravi
    • Śiśupālavadha by Māgha
  • Philosophical and Dharmic Texts
    • Arthashastra by Kauṭilya
    • Manusmṛti (The Laws of Manu)
    • Nītiśāstra (various treatises on ethics and governance)
  • Buddhist and Jain Classics
    • Tripiṭaka (Pali Canon) – Sutta Piṭaka, Vinaya Piṭaka, Abhidhamma Piṭaka
    • Milinda Pañha (Questions of King Milinda)
    • Jātakas (Buddhist birth stories)
    • Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara and Digambara traditions)
  • Grammar, Linguistics, and Science
    • Aṣṭādhyāyī by Pāṇini (Sanskrit grammar)
    • Amarakosha (Sanskrit lexicon)
    • Suśruta Saṃhitā (ancient Indian medical treatise)
    • Caraka Saṃhitā (another key medical text)
    • Works of Bhāskara, Āryabhaṭṭa (astronomy & mathematics)
  • Regional Literatures (Tamil and Other Indian Languages)
    • Tamil Sangam literature (e.g., Ettuthogai, Pattupāṭṭu)
    • Silappatikaram (Tamil epic)
    • Manimekalai (Tamil epic)
    • Tirukkural by Tiruvalluvar (classical Tamil ethical treatise)
  • Bhakti and Devotional Classics
    • Gītagovinda by Jayadeva
    • Bhakti poetry (e.g., works of Mirabai, Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas, Nammalvar)

Middle Eastern Classics (중동 고전)

• • Ancient Mesopotamian and Near Eastern Literature
    • Epic of Gilgamesh (Sumerian/Akkadian)
    • Enūma Eliš (Babylonian creation epic)
    • Atra-Hasis (Akkadian flood story)
    • Code of Hammurabi (Babylonian law code)
    • The Descent of Inanna (Sumerian myth)
    • Ugaritic texts (e.g., Baal Cycle)
  • Ancient Egyptian Literature
    • The Book of the Dead
    • Pyramid Texts (Old Kingdom funerary texts)
    • Coffin Texts (Middle Kingdom funerary texts)
    • The Tale of Sinuhe
    • The Story of Wenamun
  • Hebrew and Judean Classics
    • Hebrew Bible (Tanakh)
    • Talmud (Rabbinic literature)
    • Dead Sea Scrolls (Second Temple period texts)
    • Mishnah (Core of Rabbinic tradition)
    • The Guide for the Perplexed by Maimonides (Jewish philosophy)
  • Zoroastrian and Middle Persian Classics
    • Avesta (Zoroastrian scripture, including the Gathas of Zoroaster)
    • Bundahishn (Zoroastrian cosmogony text)
    • Dādestān-ī Dēnīg (Zoroastrian religious questions and answers)
  • Persian Classics
    • Shahnameh (Book of Kings) by Ferdowsi
    • Gulistan and Bustan by Saʿdī
    • Mas̱navī by Jalāl ad-Dīn Rūmī
    • Dīvān of Hāfez
    • Khamsa (Quintet) by Nizāmī Ganjavī
  • Arabic and Islamic Classics
    • Qur’an
    • Hadith Collections (e.g., Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim)
    • The Mu‘allaqāt (Pre-Islamic Arabian odes)
    • Kalīla wa Dimna (Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ’s translation/adaptation of Panchatantra)
    • Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldun
    • The Epistle of Forgiveness (Risālat al-Ghufrān) by Al-Maʿarrī
    • Kitāb al-Tawḥīd by Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (Theological literature, later period)
    • Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadīm (10th-century catalogue of Arabic literature)
  • Syriac and Armenian Literature
    • Writings of Ephrem the Syrian (4th century Christian hymns/theology in Syriac)
    • The History of the Armenians by Movses Khorenatsi (Armenian classic)
  • Later Ottoman and Turkish Classics
    • Works of Rūmī (also listed under Persian) in Ottoman/Turkish adaptation
    • Divan poetry collections by Ottoman poets such as Fuzuli, Bâkî, Nefʿī
    • Fusūs al-Ḥikam (The Bezels of Wisdom) by Ibn ‘Arabī (Andalusian/Levantine mystic tradition)
  • Additional Influential Texts and Genres
    • Jewish Midrashic Literature (e.g., Midrash Rabbah)
    • Sufi treatises and poetry collections (e.g., ʿAttār’s Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr)
    • Works of Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā) and Averroes (Ibn Rushd) (Philosophical classics)

African Classics (아프리카 고전)

• • Ancient Egyptian Literature
    • The Book of the Dead (Papyrus of Ani, etc.)
    • Pyramid Texts (Old Kingdom funerary texts)
    • Coffin Texts (Middle Kingdom funerary texts)
    • The Tale of Sinuhe
    • The Story of Wenamun
    • Instruction of Ptahhotep (Old Kingdom wisdom literature)
    • Instruction of Merikare
  • Ethiopian (Aksumite and Post-Aksumite) Literature
    • Kebra Nagast (The Glory of Kings)
    • Ge’ez Bible (Ethiopic Bible, including the Book of Enoch)
    • Fetha Nagast (Law of the Kings)
    • Ge’ez Hagiographical Texts (Lives of the saints and Ethiopian Orthodox traditions)
    • Monastic and theological works from Ethiopian Christian tradition
  • Sahelian and West African Islamic Literature
    • Timbuktu Manuscripts (Malian scholarly tradition: astronomy, medicine, history, jurisprudence)
    • Works of Ahmed Baba, Abd al-Rahman al-Sa’di (e.g. Tarikh al-Sudan, Tarikh al-Fattash)
    • Sufi treatises and religious poetry from West African Tijani and Qadiriyya scholars
  • Epic and Oral Traditions of West Africa
    • Epic of Sundiata (Mali/Mande tradition)
    • Mande Hunters’ Epics (e.g., Sunjata’s hunters’ predecessors)
    • Jeli (Griot) oral traditions – praise poems, genealogies, proverbs
    • Yoruba Ifá Divination Corpus (Odù Ifá)
    • Hausa and Fulani oral epics and praise poems
    • Akan proverbs and Ananse tales (Ghana)
  • North African and Berber Traditions
    • Berber oral poetry and folk tales
    • Early Christian texts from the Church of Carthage (e.g., Tertullian’s Latin works)
    • Kabyle epics and oral narratives
  • Eastern African Traditions
    • Early Swahili poetry and prose (e.g., "Utendi wa Tambuka")
    • Somali Oral Poetry (Gabay)
    • East African historical and clan narratives
  • Central and Southern African Traditions
    • Luba and Lunda royal praise songs (Central Africa)
    • Zambia’s oral histories and proverbs (Bemba, Lozi traditions)
    • Nganasan, Eastern Nilotic, and other oral epics along the Nile-Congo watershed
    • Zulu and Xhosa Praise Poetry (Izibongo)
  • Additional Influential African Texts and Genres
    • Meroitic inscriptions and Nubian Christian texts
    • Coptic literature (Gnostic texts, Apocrypha)
    • Amharic folk tales and Qene (Ethiopian poetic genre)
  • Modern Written Classics with Ancient Roots (Transitional Works)
    • Early written records by African historians and chroniclers under colonial influence, reflecting older oral forms
    • Works by African scholars in Arabic from Nigeria, Chad, and Sudan continuing classical traditions

Mesoamerican and South American Classics (메소아메리카 및 남아메리카 고전)

• • Mesoamerican Classics
    • Maya
      • Popol Vuh (Kʼicheʼ Maya creation myth, compiled in post-conquest era)
      • Chilam Balam (Yucatec Maya prophetic and historical books)
      • Dresden Codex (Maya hieroglyphic codex)
      • Madrid Codex (Maya codex of rituals and divinatory material)
      • Paris Codex (Maya astronomical and historical text)
    • Aztec (Mexica) and Nahua Traditions
      • Florentine Codex (Compiled by Bernardino de Sahagún, documenting Nahua culture and literature)
      • Huei Tlamahuiçoltica and other Nahuatl annals
      • Codex Borbonicus (Aztec divinatory manuscript)
      • Codex Borgia (Ritual and divinatory Aztec manuscript)
      • Huehuetlatolli (Collections of ancient Nahuatl speeches and moral discourses)
    • Mixtec and Other Mesoamerican Cultures
      • Codex Nuttall (Mixtec codex depicting genealogies and histories)
      • Codex Selden (Mixtec pictographic narrative)
      • Codex Bodley (Mixtec historical codex)
      • Regional oral traditions and annals recorded by colonial-era chroniclers
  • South American Classics
    • Inca and Andean Traditions
      • Quipus (Inca knotted string records, not a “book” but a data system used for historical and administrative knowledge)
      • Huarochirí Manuscript (Quechua religious and mythological traditions recorded in colonial times)
      • Visitation documents, annals, and narratives recorded by early Spanish chroniclers, reflecting Inca lore
      • Royal Commentaries of the Incas (Comentarios Reales) by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (a mestizo perspective blending Inca oral tradition with European forms)
      • El Primer Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala (Andean worldview, history, and critique of colonial rule)
    • Other Andean and South American Cultures
      • Muisca (Chibcha) myths and calendrical traditions (Colombia)
      • Aymara oral traditions (Bolivia/Peru)
      • Mapuche oral epics and heroic narratives (Chile/Argentina)
      • Guaraní creation myths and epic narratives (Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina)
      • Quechua and Amazonian tribal oral literature (myths, ritual chants)
    • Colonial-Era Indigenous and Mestizo Chronicles
      • Crónicas del Perú by Pedro Cieza de León (Documenting Inca and other native traditions)
      • Narratives by Juan de Betanzos (Quechua language informant for Inca history)
      • Local cabildo records, testaments, and narratives merging indigenous oral memory with Spanish script
  • Additional Mesoamerican and South American Texts
    • Stelae inscriptions, murals, and iconographic narratives (Classic Maya city-states: Tikal, Palenque, Copán)
    • Accounts by indigenous nobles and informants collaborating with Spanish chroniclers
    • Oral epic traditions of smaller Amazonian tribes (e.g., Yanomami, Shipibo, Asháninka)

Classical Islamic World and Central Asia (이슬람 세계 및 중앙아시아 고전)

• • Foundational Islamic Texts
    • Qurʼan (Islam’s central religious text)
    • Hadith Collections – Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Sunan Abī Dāwūd, Jāmiʿ at-Tirmidhī, etc.
    • Tafsīr literature (Qur’anic exegesis), e.g. Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī
    • Sīra (Prophetic biography) literature – Ibn Hishām, Ibn Isḥāq
  • Islamic Law and Theology
    • Fiqh manuals and legal commentaries – al-Risālah of al-Shāfiʿī, Mukhtaṣar al-Qudūrī
    • Kalām (Islamic theology) works – al-Ashʿarī, al-Māturīdī treatises
    • The Revival of the Religious Sciences (Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn) by Al-Ghazālī
  • Historical and Biographical Works
    • Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk (History of Prophets and Kings) by al-Ṭabarī
    • Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldūn
    • Murūj al-Dhahab by al-Masʿūdī
    • Al-Kāmil fī al-Taʾrīkh by Ibn al-Athīr
    • Bāburnāma (Memoirs of Babur) – Reflecting the Timurid/Mughal transition from Central Asia to India
  • Persianate Literary and Intellectual Traditions
    • Shāhnāmeh (Book of Kings) by Ferdowsī
    • Mas̱navī-yi Maʿnavī by Jalāl ad-Dīn Rūmī
    • Dīvān of Hāfez
    • Gulistān and Bustān by Saʿdī
    • Khamsa (Quintet) by Niẓāmī Ganjavī
    • Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr (Conference of the Birds) by ʿAṭṭār
  • Central Asian Intellectual Heritage
    • Works of al-Fārābī (Turkic philosopher, important in logic and metaphysics)
    • Works of Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) – The Canon of Medicine (Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb), The Book of Healing (Kitāb al-Shifāʾ)
    • Works of al-Bīrūnī – Al-Āthār al-Bāqiyah (Chronology of Ancient Nations), Kitāb fī Taḥqīq mā li-l-Hind
    • Rubāʿiyyāt of Omar Khayyām (Philosophical quatrains)
    • Al-Kashshāf by al-Zamakhsharī (Qur’anic commentary by a scholar from Khwarezm)
    • Sufi treatises by ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī – Central in spiritual literature
  • Sufi and Mystical Texts
    • Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam (Bezels of Wisdom) by Ibn ʿArabī
    • Manāzil al-Sāʾirīn by Al-Harawī (Sufi path stations)
    • Naqshbandīya Sufi order writings originating in Central Asia
  • Turkic and Chaghatai Literature
    • Works of ʿAlī Shīr Navāʾī (Chaghatai Turkic poet and mystic)
    • Poetry of Maxtumquli Pyragy (Turkmen poet, slightly later period but building on classical tradition)
    • Kutadgu Bilig by Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib (Wisdom literature from the Karakhanid period)
    • Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk by Maḥmūd al-Kāshgharī (Early Turkic dictionary and cultural compendium)
  • Arabic Literary Classics
    • Muʿallaqāt (Pre-Islamic “Hanging Odes”)
    • Kalīla wa Dimna (Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ’s Arabic adaptation of Indian fables)
    • Kitāb al-Ḥayawān (Book of Animals) by al-Jāḥiẓ
    • Maqāmāt (assemblies) by al-Hamadhānī and al-Ḥarīrī (Early Arabic prose narrative)
    • Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān by Ibn Ṭufayl (Philosophical tale)
  • Scientific and Philosophical Works
    • Works of al-Kindī (Philosophy, mathematics, medicine)
    • Al-Khwārizmī’s Algebra (Al-Kitāb al-Mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wal-muqābala)
    • Kitāb al-Manāẓir (Book of Optics) by Ibn al-Haytham
    • Works of al-Rāzī (Rhazes) (Medicine, philosophy, alchemy)
    • Works of al-Juwaynī and al-Ghazālī on theology and jurisprudence
  • Historical and Geographical Works from Central Asia and the Islamic World
    • Ibn Faḍlān’s Risālah (travel account on the Volga Bulgars)
    • The Riḥla (Travelogues) of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa
    • Works of Al-Idrīsī (Geography)
  • Additional Cultural and Literary Heritage
    • Commentaries and literature by al-Bayḍāwī (Tafsir, theology)
    • Local oral narratives, heroic epics, and folk stories across Iranian and Turkic regions preserved in later manuscripts

Classical Russian and Eastern European Traditions (러시아 및 동유럽 고전)

• • Early East Slavic and Kievan Rus’ Literature
    • The Primary Chronicle (Повесть временных лет) – Attributed to Nestor, a key source on early Rus’ history
    • The Tale of Igor’s Campaign (Слово о полку Игореве) – Epic narrative poem of heroic struggle
    • Novgorod and Pskov Chronicles – Regional annals detailing local history
    • Hagiographies of early Rus’ Saints (e.g., Boris and Gleb)
    • Old Church Slavonic translations of the Bible and liturgical texts by Saints Cyril and Methodius’ disciples
  • Church Slavonic and Orthodox Literary Traditions
    • Old Church Slavonic Bible (Gospels, Psalter, and other scriptural texts)
    • Didactic and homiletic literature (Слова, Poučenija) in Church Slavonic
    • Apocrypha, Lives of saints, and moral treatises spread across Slavic lands
    • Hesychast and spiritual writings transmitted from Byzantine Orthodox monasticism to Eastern Europe
  • Medieval Russian Legal and Instructional Texts
    • Russkaya Pravda – Early Rus’ law code
    • Domostroi – 16th-century Muscovite manual of household management and moral instruction
  • Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Ruthenian Traditions
    • Lithuanian–Ruthenian Chronicles – Chronicling the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenian lands
    • Polyk’s Chronicle and others documenting regional histories
    • Ukrainian “Dumy” (epic songs) – Oral poetic traditions later recorded in writing
  • South Slavic (Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian) Medieval Literature
    • Literature of the First Bulgarian Empire (9th–10th centuries) – Works of the Preslav and Ohrid literary schools
    • Cyrillic manuscripts such as the Codex Suprasliensis, Codex Zographensis, and others
    • Lives of Saints Clement of Ohrid, Naum, and other disciples of Cyril and Methodius
    • Serbian epic poetry – Oral epics of the Kosovo cycle and the Marko Kraljević cycle, later transcribed
    • Ragusan (Dubrovnik) and Dalmatian Latin/Slavonic literary traditions in the medieval Adriatic
  • Czech and Slovak Medieval Works
    • Dalimil Chronicle (Kronika tak řečeného Dalimila) – Old Czech verse chronicle
    • Czech Apocrypha and medieval legends (e.g., about St. Wenceslas)
    • Writings of Jan Hus and Hussite religious texts – Though later than medieval classics, they had a formative influence
  • Polish Medieval and Renaissance Classics
    • Chronica Polonorum by Gallus Anonymus – Early Polish history
    • Marcin Bielski’s Chronicles – Renaissance era, reflecting medieval traditions
    • Works of Jan Kochanowski (Renaissance Polish poet) – Bridges medieval and early modern
    • Polish religious texts and lives of saints in early vernacular
  • Hungarian Medieval Classics
    • Gesta Hungarorum – Latin chronicles describing the origins of the Hungarians
    • Gesta of King Béla and other medieval Hungarian chronicles
    • Old Hungarian Lamentations and Codices (e.g., Halotti Beszéd, the earliest Hungarian sermon)
  • Romanian and Moldavian Traditions
    • Early Romanian chronicles (e.g., Letopisețul Țării Moldovei)
    • Byzantine Orthodox influences and translations into Old Romanian script
    • Oral epic traditions and Doina (lament poetry) eventually recorded in writing
  • Baltic and Finno-Ugric Oral Traditions (Later Recorded)
    • Latvian Dainas – Brief folk songs and verses (oral to written)
    • Kalevala (Finnish) & Kalevipoeg (Estonian) – Not Eastern Slavic, but Finno-Ugric epics often considered in broader Eastern European context
    • Lithuanian folk songs, sutartinės – Collected and published in modern times, reflecting older traditions
  • Additional Influential Eastern European Texts
    • Byzantine-Slavonic liturgical texts and translations – Binding cultural and religious continuity
    • Ballads, legends, and heroic narratives from Eastern Carpathians to the Balkans
    • Folk tale collections later compiled by scholars (e.g., Afanasyev’s Russian Fairy Tales, though 19th century, contain old motifs)
    • Proverbs, riddles, and wisdom literature passed down orally, forming the bedrock of regional cultural identity

Oceanian Classics (오세아니아 또는 대양주 고전)

• • Polynesian Traditions
    • Kumulipo (Hawaiian creation chant) – A genealogical prayer chant tracing the Hawaiian cosmos’ origins
    • Other Hawaiian genealogical chants (Mele Ko‘ihonua) and hula chants preserving ancestral lines and mythic events
    • Māori oral tradition (Kōrero Tuku Iho) – Whakapapa (genealogies), karakia (prayers), and waiata (songs) transmitted by tohunga (specialist priests)
    • Mōteatea (Māori chanted poetry) – Lyrical laments, love songs, and historical narratives
    • Cook Islands (Rarotongan, Mangaian) legends – Creation stories, chiefly genealogies, and migratory chants
    • Tongan oral traditions – Tales of Maui, genealogical recitations of Tongan kings, and langi (ceremonial songs)
    • Tahitian and Society Islands cosmogonies – Narratives centered on Ta‘aroa, Oro, and the pantheon of gods
    • Samoan creation stories and genealogical lore – Oral histories of Tagaloa and migration myths
  • Micronesian Traditions
    • Marshallese navigational chants and lore – Stick chart knowledge, star paths, and clan genealogies
    • Chuukese (Trukese) myths and legends – Stories of ancestral spirits, islands’ origins, and social norms
    • I-Kiribati genealogical chants – Origin narratives linking islands, ancestors, and moral instructions
    • Palauan legends and myths – Clan histories, supernatural beings, and traditional moral values
  • Melanesian Traditions
    • Fijian oral histories – Tales of first arrivals, cultural heroes (e.g., Lutunasobasoba), and kava rituals
    • Solomon Islands epic narratives – Clan genealogies, spirit beings, and moral lessons embedded in stories
    • Vanuatu kastom stories – Myth cycles explaining land names, rituals, and social laws
    • Papuan (New Guinea) epic chants and cosmologies – Complex origin stories, river spirits, and ancestral migrations
    • Melanesian dance-dramas and ceremonial chants – Initiation rites, healing songs, and knowledge of land and lineage
  • Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander Traditions
    • The Dreaming (Tjukurpa) narratives – Cosmological accounts of how ancestral beings shaped the land, establishing law and custom
    • Songlines – Routes connecting sacred sites across Australia, embedding geography, history, and moral law in music and chant
    • Aboriginal hero tales and clan genealogies – Oral knowledge transmitted through corroborees (ceremonial gatherings)
    • Torres Strait Islander myths and dance-epics – Stories of ancestral heroes, cosmological journeys, and cultural protocols
  • Additional Oceanian Cultural Expressions
    • Rongorongo glyphs of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) – Undeciphered script possibly linked to oral recitations and calendrical knowledge
    • Polynesian/Micronesian wayfinding lore – Oral instructions for open-ocean navigation using stars, swells, and bird patterns
    • Marquesan legends and genealogies – Islands’ origins, ancestor cults, and heroic figures
    • Initiation chants and “magic words” – Used in gardening, fishing, and healing across various Oceanian islands
    • Anthropologically recorded proverbs, riddles, and moral tales – Preserved by scholars, reflecting age-old wisdom and identity

Classical Southeast Asian Literature (동남아 고전)

• • Mainland Southeast Asia
    • Khmer (Cambodia)
      • Reamker – The Cambodian adaptation of the Ramayana, inscribed in verse and performed in dance drama
      • Inscriptions of Angkor (e.g. Prasat Kôk Po inscriptions) – Early Khmer epigraphy containing royal edicts, religious dedications, and eulogies
      • Khmer Buddhist Jātaka stories and moral tales – Adaptations and retellings of Pali sources into Khmer
    • Thai (Siam)
      • Ramakien – Thai version of the Ramayana narrative, composed in the Ayutthaya and Rattanakosin periods
      • Trai Phum Phra Ruang (Three Worlds According to King Lithai) – Cosmological treatise blending Buddhism and indigenous beliefs
      • Lilit Phra Lo – A classical Thai lyrical narrative poem
      • Royal chronicles of Ayutthaya and Lanna – Historical prose traditions chronicling royal lineages and events
    • Lao (Laos)
      • Phra Lak Phra Lam – Lao adaptation of the Ramayana epic
      • Sin Xay – A Lao heroic epic poem reflecting moral and cultural values
      • Jātaka-based narratives and oral poetry (Mor Lam tradition)
    • Burmese (Myanmar)
      • Yama Zatdaw – Burmese Ramayana adaptation
      • Glass Palace Chronicle (Hmannan Yazawin) – Semilegendary royal chronicle of Burmese kings
      • Commentaries on Pāli Buddhist canon, Nissaya literature – Burmese translations and exegeses of Buddhist texts
      • Jātaka stories, dhamma literature, and Sān kyam (didactic texts)
    • Vietnamese
      • Chữ Nôm literary works – Adaptations of Chinese classics, folk tales, and poetry in the vernacular script
      • Medieval Vietnamese annals (e.g., Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư) combining Confucian historiography with indigenous elements
      • Legends of Lạc Long Quân, Âu Cơ, and Thánh Gióng recorded in folk narratives and later chronicles
  • Maritime Southeast Asia
    • Indonesian (Javanese, Balinese, Sundanese)
      • Nagarakretagama by Mpu Prapañca – A 14th-century Javanese eulogy to the Majapahit Empire, a key kakawin (court poetry)
      • Kakawin Rāmāyaṇa – Old Javanese rendition of the Ramayana
      • Javanese Mahabharata and Arjunawijaya kakawin – Courtly adaptations of Indian epics
      • Panji Tales – Indigenous Javanese cycle of romantic and heroic stories widely diffused across Southeast Asia
      • Balinese lontar manuscripts preserving kakawin literature, ritual texts, and treatises on dance, music, and moral conduct
    • Malay World (Malaysia, Brunei, Sumatra, Borneo)
      • Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals) – A chronicle of the Malacca Sultanate blending history and legend
      • Hikayat Hang Tuah – Epic romance about the legendary hero Hang Tuah, reflecting loyalty and valor
      • Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain and other Hikayats – Adaptations of Islamic, Persian, and Indian narratives into Malay court literature
      • Syair and pantun – Malay classical poetic forms encapsulating wisdom, moral lessons, and social values
    • Philippine Archipelago
      • Pre-Hispanic epics such as the Hinilawod (Hiligaynon) – Oral epic narratives celebrating culture heroes, ancestors, and deities
      • Ifugao Hudhud chants, Kalinga Ullalim, Maranao Darangen – Precolonial oral epics recognized by UNESCO, preserving heroic and cosmological narratives
      • Chants and genealogies from various Philippine ethno-linguistic groups – Recorded in colonial era, but reflecting ancient oral traditions
    • Other Archipelagic Traditions
      • Wayang kulit and wayang beber narratives – Shadow play scripts based on the Ramayana and Mahabharata performed across Java, Bali, and Lombok
      • Sureq Galigo (La Galigo) – Epic literature of the Bugis of Sulawesi, one of the longest literary works in the world
      • Batak pustaha (magic books), Minangkabau tambo, and oral genealogies – Reflecting indigenous cosmologies, customary laws (adat), and historical memory
  • Cross-Influences and Religious Texts
    • Pāli Canon translations throughout Theravāda Buddhist Southeast Asia (Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia) influencing local literature
    • Adoption of Islamic literature (Hikayat, Suluk) in Malay, Acehnese, and Javanese traditions
    • Sanskrit inscriptions, Khmer and Cham adaptations of Hindu and Buddhist tales linking to Indian and East Asian classics
  • Additional Expressions
    • Classical moral and didactic texts (e.g. Panung Sastra in Thai, Nīti literature in Burmese)
    • Versified historical chronicles, royal genealogies, and courtly poems (e.g., Lilit and Kap compositions in Thai and Lao tradition)
    • Collections of proverbs, riddles, and folk narratives that form the moral and cultural backbone of local communities

Notes

• 孔子之私學
• 조선은 주자학 때문에 망했을까?
• Scholars (學者, 학자)
• Old texts (古文, 고문)
• Three bonds and five relationships (三綱五倫, 삼강오륜)
• Korean 國樂의 意義
• Internet privacy
• 大學之道在止於至善
  • 대학지도재지어지선(大學之道在止於至善)
• 조선시대의 兩班들의 삶 (Life of Yangbans during Joseon dynasty)
• 24 Seasons (二十四節氣, 24절기)
• Hanja IME (漢字入力, 한자입력) - ZhengMa Input Method (鄭碼輸入法, 정마수입법)
• How Korean pronunciations of hanja are linked to Chinese pronunciation
• 朱子家禮
• 진리편독삼자경
• 한국학 디지털 아카이브
  • [1] (2024-08-26)

Classical Education/Arts (古藝, 고예)

Eastern (東)

• Six Arts (六藝, 육예) from Zhou (周, 주) (1046 - 256 BC)
  • Rites (禮, 례)
  • Music (樂, 악)
    • 문묘제례악 (文廟祭禮樂)
  • Archery (射, 사)
  • Charioteering (御, 어)
  • Calligraphy (書, 서)
  • Mathematics (數, 수) (장기나 바둑같은 것도 數에 포함)
• Four Arts (四藝) from Tang (唐, 당) (618 - 907 AD)
  • Stringed instrument, qin/guqin (琴, 금)
  • Strategy game of baduk, go, qi/weiqi (棋/圍棋, 바둑, 기)
  • Calligraphy, shu (書, 서)
  • Painting, hua (畫, 화)
• 서당 (書堂, Village School)
• By countries
  • Japan

Western (西)

• Liberal arts education since Boethius (보이티우스 (또는 보에티우스) 이후의 교양교육)
  • Trivium (三學, 삼학)
    • Grammar (文法, 문법)
    • Logic (論理學, 논리학)
    • Rhetoric (修辭學, 수사학)
  • Quadrivium (四科, 사과)
    • Arithmetic; abstractions
    • Geometry; spatial
    • Music; time
    • Astronomy; spacetime
  • Advanced (高等敎育, 고등교육)
    • Theology (神學, 신학)
    • Philosophy (哲學, 철학)
• Modern liberal arts education
  • Arts (fine arts, music, performing arts, literature)
  • Philosophy
  • Religious studies
  • Social science (anthropology, geography, history, jurisprudence, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology)
  • Mathematics
  • Natural Sciences (biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, earth sciences)

Classical Music (古樂, 고악)

• East Asian Music (極東樂, 극동악)
  • Theoretical Foundations and Historical Contexts
    • Yayue (雅樂) – Ancient Chinese court music tradition that influenced other East Asian court musics
    • Chinese music theory (音樂理論) – Pentatonic scales (gong, shang, jue, zhi, yu), 12 lu (十二律), Confucian music philosophy
    • Aak (雅樂 아악) – Korean ceremonial court music derived from Chinese yayue
    • Gagaku (雅楽 가가쿠) – Japanese imperial court music, also influenced by Chinese yayue and Korean aak traditions
  • Korea (韓國, 한국)
    • Court and Aristocratic Music (정악, Jeongak)
      • Aak (雅樂 아악) – Confucian shrine and royal ancestral ritual music
      • Dangak – Court music of Tang Chinese origin
      • Hyangak – Native Korean court music
      • Yeominrak – A representative piece of Korean royal court music
      • Sujecheon – Famous instrumental piece of Korean court music
    • Literati and Chamber Music
      • Gagok – Lyrical, refined vocal music accompanied by traditional chamber ensemble
      • Jeongga – General term for refined vocal music of the upper classes
    • Folk-Based Classical Forms
      • Pansori – Narrative singing accompanied by a drum, elevated to a classical art form
      • Sanjo – Instrumental solo accompanied by drum, considered a pinnacle of Korean classical instrumental music
    • Instruments (관악기/현악기/타악기)
      • String Instruments
        • Gayageum (伽倻琴, 가야금) – 12-string zither
        • Geomungo – 6-string zither with a deeper sound
        • Haegum – Two-stringed vertical fiddle
      • Wind Instruments
        • Daegeum – Large transverse bamboo flute with a buzzing membrane
        • Piri – Double-reed bamboo oboe-like instrument
        • Taepyeongso – Loud double-reed conical oboe
      • Percussion Instruments
        • Janggu – Hourglass-shaped drum
        • Buk – Barrel drum
        • Kkwaenggwari – Small handheld gong
        • Jing – Larger gong
  • China (中國, 중국)
    • Court and Ritual Music
      • Yayue – Elegant music performed in imperial courts and Confucian temples
      • Zhou and Han ritual music – Early dynastic ceremonial music forming the foundation of Chinese classical tradition
    • Scholarly and Literati Traditions
      • Guqin (古琴, 고금) – Seven-string fretless zither associated with scholars, Confucians, Daoists
      • Guqin repertoire – Known for ancient pieces like “Guangling San”, “Flowing Water (Liu Shui)”
    • Regional Classical Operas and Genres (Seen as part of classical tradition)
      • Kunqu Opera – One of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera, highly refined
      • Jingju – Classical Beijing opera (though more recent, still rooted in classical traditions)
    • Instrumental Traditions
      • String Instruments (Plucked)
        • Guzheng (古箏, 고쟁) – 21-string zither with movable bridges
        • Pipa (琵琶, 비파) – Pear-shaped lute
        • Ruan – Moon-shaped lute
        • Sanxian – Three-stringed fretless lute
        • Liuqin – Small mandolin-like lute
      • Bowed String Instruments
        • Erhu – Two-stringed fiddle widely used in classical and folk styles
        • Zhonghu – Lower-pitched cousin of the erhu
        • Gaohu – Higher-pitched fiddle used in Cantonese music
      • Wind Instruments
        • Xiao – End-blown bamboo flute
        • Dizi – Transverse bamboo flute with a membrane hole
        • Sheng – Free-reed mouth organ
        • Suona – Loud double-reed horn
        • Guan – Cylindrical double-reed pipe
      • Percussion Instruments
        • Bianzhong – Bronze chime bells of ancient China
        • Bianqing – Chime stones
        • Gongs, cymbals, drums (Tanggu, Daluo, Xiaoluo), and clappers forming classical percussion ensembles
  • Japan (日本, 일본)
    • Court and Ritual Music (雅楽, Gagaku)
      • Gagaku – Imperial court music tradition including:
        • Bugaku – Court dance music
        • Kuniburi no Utamai – Indigenous Shinto ritual songs and dances
      • Instruments of Gagaku
        • Shō – Free-reed mouth organ
        • Hichiriki – Short double-reed pipe
        • Ryūteki – Transverse bamboo flute
        • Biwa – Four-stringed lute used in court music (Gaku-biwa)
        • Koto – 13-string zither used in gagaku and later chamber music
        • Taiko – Drums of various sizes for court and shrine music
    • Buddhist Chanting and Sacred Music
      • Shōmyō – Buddhist liturgical chanting
    • Theatre and Vocal Music
      • Noh theatre music – Subtle ensemble of flute and drums accompanying chanted drama
      • Heikyoku – Biwa-accompanied recitation of The Tale of the Heike
    • Chamber Music and Artistic Genres
      • Sankyoku – Ensemble of koto, shamisen, and shakuhachi
      • Sokyoku (箏曲, 쟁곡) – Koto music, often combined with shamisen and voice
      • Shakuhachi – End-blown bamboo flute, linked to Zen meditation (komusō monks)
      • Shamisen – Three-stringed lute used in a range of classical genres (Jiuta, Nagauta)
      • Gidayū-bushi – Chanted narrative style for Bunraku puppet theatre
  • Other East Asian Traditions
    • Mongolian Court and Classical Music
      • Historical Mongolian liturgical and court songs – Oral tradition preserved in Mongol royal courts
      • Morin Khuur – Horse-head fiddle, iconic Mongolian bowed instrument
      • Urtyn Duu – Ancient form of Mongolian extended vocal performance with wide vocal range
    • Ryukyuan/Okinawan Court Music
      • Ryūkyūan court music – Classical tradition influenced by both Japanese gagaku and Chinese court music
      • Sanshin – Three-stringed lute used in classical Ryukyuan music
    • Influences in Vietnam (While culturally closer to Southeast Asia, historically influenced by Chinese music theory)
      • Nhã nhạc – Vietnamese court music of the Huế court, influenced by Chinese yayue
      • Đàn tranh – Zither similar to the guzheng/koto
      • Đàn bầu – Monochord instrument with subtle tonal inflections
  • Additional Classical Themes and Genres
    • Ritual and Ancestral Ceremonies
      • Confucian temple music in China, Korea, Vietnam
      • Shinto shrine kagura performances in Japan
    • Scholarly and Solo Repertoires
      • Guqin solo repertoire (China)
      • Geomungo sanjo and gayageum sanjo (Korea)
      • Shakuhachi honkyoku pieces (Japan)
    • Ensemble and Orchestral Traditions
      • Jingju orchestra (China)
      • Gagaku orchestra (Japan)
      • Jeongak court ensemble (Korea)
  • Music Notation Systems
    • Gongchepu – Chinese traditional notation
    • Jeongganbo – Korean notation system for pitches and rhythms
    • Kunkunshi – Ryukyuan/Okinawan koto and sanshin notation
    • Various mnemonic and oral transmission techniques in Noh, gagaku, and qin playing

---

• Western Classical Music
  • Medieval (c. 500–1400)
    • Gregorian Chant – Monophonic sacred chant of the Western Roman Catholic Church
    • Other Latin liturgical traditions: Ambrosian chant, Mozarabic chant, Gallican chant
    • Early polyphony and organum – e.g. Léonin and Pérotin of the Notre Dame School
    • Secular monophony – Troubadour and Trouvère songs in France, Minnesänger in Germany
  • Renaissance (c. 1400–1600)
    • Polyphonic vocal music – Mass (Missa), Motet, Chanson, Madrigal
    • Franco-Flemish School: Guillaume Du Fay, Johannes Ockeghem, Josquin des Prez
    • Roman School: Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (model of Catholic church music)
    • Venetian School: Giovanni Gabrieli (polychoral style)
    • Refined counterpoint theory (e.g. Gioseffo Zarlino)
  • Baroque (c. 1600–1750)
    • Early Baroque: Claudio Monteverdi (transitional figure from Renaissance to Baroque, opera “L’Orfeo”)
    • Opera’s beginnings in Italy: Florentine Camerata, Jacopo Peri, Giulio Caccini
    • French Baroque: Jean-Baptiste Lully, François Couperin
    • German Baroque: Heinrich Schütz, Dietrich Buxtehude
    • High Baroque masters:
      • Johann Sebastian Bach – Cantatas, passions, fugues, “Well-Tempered Clavier”
      • George Frideric Handel – Oratorios (“Messiah”), operas, instrumental works
      • Antonio Vivaldi – Violin concertos (“The Four Seasons”)
    • Development of tonal harmony, basso continuo, dance suites
  • Classical (c. 1750–1820)
    • Viennese Classicism:
      • Joseph Haydn – The “father” of the symphony and string quartet
      • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Operas, symphonies, concertos, chamber music
      • Ludwig van Beethoven (early period) – Transitional figure from Classical to Romantic
    • Rise of instrumental genres: Symphony, String Quartet, Sonata, Concerto
    • Sonata form, balance, clarity, and public concerts
    • Christoph Willibald Gluck – Opera reform
  • Romantic (c. 1820–1900)
    • Expansion of emotional expression, chromaticism, larger orchestras
    • Early Romantics: Franz Schubert, Carl Maria von Weber, Felix Mendelssohn, Frédéric Chopin, Robert Schumann, Hector Berlioz (program symphony)
    • High Romantics:
      • Richard Wagner – Music dramas, leitmotifs
      • Giuseppe Verdi – Italian opera
      • Johannes Brahms – Absolute music (symphonies, chamber works)
      • Franz Liszt – Virtuosic piano works, symphonic poems
      • Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Russian symphonies, ballets
      • Anton Bruckner – Grand symphonies
    • Nationalism in music: Bedřich Smetana, Antonín Dvořák, Modest Mussorgsky, Edvard Grieg, Jean Sibelius
    • Late Romantic trends leading towards more complex harmonies and expanded forms
• Genres, Forms, and Styles (up to the Romantic era)
  • Sacred Music Forms
    • Mass (Ordinary and Proper), Requiem, Motet, Cantata, Passion, Oratorio
    • Choral anthems, Lutheran chorales, Catholic liturgical music
  • Secular Vocal Forms
    • Opera – Developed from early Baroque through Classical to grand Romantic operas
    • Art Song / Lied – Prominent in the Romantic era (Schubert, Schumann, Brahms), French chanson and mélodie
    • Madrigal, Chanson, Partsong – Renaissance secular vocal music
  • Instrumental Forms
    • Symphony – Emerged in the Classical era, expanded in the Romantic
    • Concerto – Baroque concerto grosso to Classical solo concerto, extended in the Romantic era
    • Sonata – Keyboard and instrumental sonatas in Classical and Romantic eras
    • String Quartet, Trio, Quintet – Chamber music tradition
    • Suite, Partita, Overture, Symphonic Poem (Romantic programmatic form)
    • Dance forms: Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue (Baroque suites), Minuet and Trio (Classical), Waltz, Mazurka, Polonaise (Romantic character dances)
• Performance Contexts and Ensembles
  • Orchestras (Codified during Classical and Romantic periods)
  • Chamber ensembles (string quartets, piano trios)
  • Opera companies and court opera houses
  • Church choirs and cathedral music establishments
  • Noble and bourgeois salon concerts in 18th and 19th centuries
• Instruments and Instrumental Families (Pre-20th Century)
  • Strings: Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass
  • Early strings: Lute, Viole da gamba
  • Keyboards: Piano (Classical and Romantic), Harpsichord (Renaissance/Baroque), Organ
  • Woodwinds: Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon, Recorder (earlier periods)
  • Brass: Horn, Trumpet, Trombone (Sackbut in earlier forms), Natural Horn
  • Percussion: Timpani, occasional use of other percussion in Romantic works
• Theory, Notation, and Treatises
  • Medieval and Renaissance Theorists: Guido d’Arezzo (solmization), Johannes Tinctoris, Gioseffo Zarlino
  • Baroque and Classical Theory: Figured bass, thoroughbass; Jean-Philippe Rameau (Treatise on Harmony)
  • Staff notation and mensural notation developed in Medieval/Renaissance, printing in the Renaissance
  • 19th-century Tonal Harmony Theory: Pre-Schenkerian approaches to voice-leading and functional harmony
• Influential Institutions and Patrons (before 1900)
  • Church (Medieval, Renaissance patronage)
  • Royal Courts and Aristocracy (Baroque, Classical)
  • Rise of Public Concerts (Classical) and Middle-Class Audiences (Romantic)
  • Conservatories and Academies emerging in the 19th century
• Additional Movements and Influences (before 1900)
  • Ars Nova in Medieval France (Machaut)
  • Camerata in Florence initiating early opera
  • Mannheim School (pre-Classical orchestral style)
  • Folk influences and Nationalistic trends in the Romantic era
  • Early music revival began in the late 19th century, though fully blossoming in the 20th century

Traditional Medicine (古醫書, 고의서)

• East Asian Medical Traditions
  • Chinese Medicine (中醫)
    • Foundational Texts
      • Huangdi Neijing (黃帝內經) - The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon – Foundational text of Chinese medicine, comprising Suwen (素問) and Lingshu (靈樞).
      • Nanjing (難經) - Classic of Difficult Issues – Commentary and elucidation of the Huangdi Neijing.
      • Shanghan Lun (傷寒論) - Treatise on Cold Damage and Jingui Yaolue (金匱要略) - Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet by Zhang Zhongjing.
      • Shennong Bencao Jing (神農本草經) - Divine Farmer’s Classic of Materia Medica – Earliest known pharmacopoeia in China.
    • Later Dynastic Texts
      • Zhouhou Beiji Fang (肘後備急方) by Ge Hong – Emergency prescriptions.
      • Zhenjiu Dacheng (鍼灸大成) by Yang Jizhou – Comprehensive compilation on acupuncture and moxibustion.
      • Beiji Qianjin Yaofang (備急千金要方) & Qianjin Yifang (千金翼方) by Sun Simiao – Influential Tang dynasty medical compendia.
      • Bencao Gangmu (本草綱目) by Li Shizhen – Definitive Ming dynasty materia medica with thousands of substances.
      • Yilin Gaicuo (醫林改錯) by Wang Qingren – Qing dynasty work emphasizing blood stasis.
    • Specialty Texts
      • Dongyuan Shishu (東垣十書) – Works by Li Dongyuan focusing on spleen and stomach theory.
      • Wenbing Xue (溫病學) - Warm disease theory: Wenre Lun (溫熱論) by Ye Tianshi, and Wenbing Tiaobian (溫病條辨) by Wu Jutong.
  • Korean Medicine (韓醫)
    • Hyangyak Jipseongbang (鄕藥集成方) – Korean herbal formula compendium compiled under King Sejong.
    • Uibang Yuuchwi (醫方類聚) – Extensive Korean medical encyclopedia from the Joseon period.
    • Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑) by Heo Jun – Landmark Joseon dynasty medical text, synthesizing Chinese and Korean traditions. Donguibogam: Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine (東醫寶鑑, 동의보감)
      • 한약자원연구센터 (kiom.re.kr) (e.g. https://herba.kr/boncho/?m=view&t=dict&id=8737)
    • Byeogon Shinbang (辟瘟新方) – Treatises on epidemic diseases.
  • Japanese Medicine (和方)
    • Ishinpō (醫心方) by Tamba Yasuyori – Oldest surviving Japanese medical text, strongly influenced by Chinese medicine.
    • Later Kanpō (漢方) commentaries and collections of formulas influenced by Chinese classics.
  • Mongolian and Tibetan Medicine
    • Gyüshi (rGyud-bZhi) - The Four Tantras – Foundation of Tibetan medical knowledge.
    • Mongolian medical treatises often based on Tibetan and Chinese traditions, e.g., translations of rGyud-bZhi and pharmacopoeias.
• South Asian Medical Traditions
  • Ayurveda (India)
    • Foundational Samhitas
      • Charaka Samhita – Classic Ayurveda text on internal medicine (Kayachikitsa).
      • Sushruta Samhita – Foundational surgical and anatomical text in Ayurveda.
      • Ashtanga Hridaya and Ashtanga Sangraha by Vagbhata – Comprehensive Ayurvedic treatises summarizing earlier works.
    • Additional and Regional Texts
      • Madhava Nidana – Important diagnostic compendium.
      • Bhava Prakash – Ayurveda materia medica and theory of Dravya (substances).
      • Ancient Rig Veda and Atharva Veda references to healing herbs and rituals.
  • Siddha (South India)
    • Agathiyar Gunavakadam and other texts attributed to Siddhars focusing on herbal remedies, alchemy, and longevity.
  • Unani (Greco-Arabic tradition in India)
    • Works influenced by Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna’s Canon, adapted into the South Asian milieu.
• Middle Eastern and Greco-Roman Medical Traditions
  • Ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian
    • Ebers Papyrus – Ancient Egyptian medical papyrus with herbal remedies.
    • Edwin Smith Papyrus – Surgical cases, anatomical observations.
  • Greco-Roman Tradition
    • Hippocratic Corpus – The foundation of Western medical thought.
    • Galen of Pergamon – Extensive treatises on anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and theory of the humors.
    • De Materia Medica by Dioscorides – Influential herbal pharmacopoeia.
  • Persian and Islamic Golden Age Medicine
    • The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb) by Avicenna (Ibn Sina) – Authoritative medieval medical encyclopedia synthesizing Greek and Islamic knowledge.
    • Al-Razi (Rhazes) works – “Al-Hawi” (Comprehensive Book), treatises on measles, smallpox.
    • Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas)’s Kitab al-Malaki – Another influential medical compendium.
    • Ibn al-Nafis – Commentary on the Canon, early description of pulmonary circulation.
    • Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Ibn Masawayh – Translators and compilers of Greek medical texts into Arabic.
• African Traditions
  • Ancient and Coptic medical traditions recorded in papyri and inscriptions.
  • Ethiopian medical manuscripts (often Christian-influenced) combining herbal remedies and prayers.
  • Griotic and oral traditions in West Africa preserved knowledge of medicinal plants and healing rituals, though few written “classics” predate colonial eras.
• Mesoamerican and South American Traditions
  • Aztec and Maya herbal codices
    • Badianus Manuscript (Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis) – Aztec herbal remedies recorded post-conquest.
    • Maya Dresden Codex contains references to rituals and medicinal plants.
  • Incan Quipus (knotted cords) and chroniclers’ records (e.g., Huarochirí Manuscript) contain references to healing rituals, though less “textual” in a traditional sense.
• European Medieval and Renaissance Tradition
  • European Herbals and Materia Medica (Pre-Modern)
    • Hildegard of Bingen’s Physica – Medieval European medical and herbal treatise.
    • Circa Instans (Platearius) – Salerno medical school herbals.
    • Paracelsus – Renaissance physician-alchemist, works bridging medieval and early modern thought.
  • Monastic medicinal manuscripts and hospital records preserving Greco-Roman medical knowledge.
• Additional Influential Texts and Pharmacopoeias
  • Traditional Pharmacopoeias
    • Tang Materia Medica (China)
    • Later dynastic and regional materia medicas: Zhenghe Bencao, Hyangyak Chaecheuk Wolyeong (Korea)
  • Across Cultural Exchanges
    • Islamic translations of Galen and Hippocrates contributed back into Europe (in Latin translations) – e.g. Constantinus Africanus at Salerno.
    • Jesuit missionary records and European travelers’ manuscripts documenting Asian and American medicinal plants.
  • Oral to Written Transitions
    • Many traditions were originally oral (e.g., African, Oceanian, Indigenous Americas), and only recorded by colonizers or missionaries, or transcribed into written form much later. While not “classical” books, these collected works form corpora of traditional medical knowledge.

Traditional Architecture (古建築, 고건축/전통건축)

• Reference notes
  • Korea (韓國, 한국)
    • http://www.ktam.or.kr/japanese/main.asp
    • https://m.blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=oosiohc&logNo=3960516&proxyReferer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F
    • http://m.materic.or.kr/res/res01_view.asp?f_id=91&page=2&s_kinds=&s_word=
  • China (中國, 중국)
    • http://english.cri.cn/12474/2014/06/24/167s833048.htm
  • Japan (日本, 일본)
    • https://www.japan-talk.com/jt/new/japanese-houses

• Ancient architecture
  • Gaya (伽倻, 가야)

Language Learning

• Kannada Language
• Korean Language
  • Debate on hangeul hanja mixed usage
• Japanese Language
• Chinese Languages
• 漢字敎育
• Lexicography
• Resources
  • Dictionaries
  • IPA reader
  • Musa, the better way to write any language

Development

• Databases
  • Oracle
• Development
  • Marmoi
  • D3.js
  • Ruby
  • Semantic web
  • Solid
  • Flutter
  • Web development
• Networking
  • Networking
  • VPN
  • Pi-hole
  • Nginx
  • HTTP/2
  • HTTP/3
• Drivers

More development related contents are available via WIP

Ministry

• 교회사역 관련 자료 (Ministry Resources)
• Missions (宣敎, 선교)
• 日本キリスト教
• Bibles (聖經, 성경)
  • Korean Bible with hanja (국한문개역성경, 國漢文改易聖經 aka 한국어성경, 韓國語聖經) 現況韓語完成, 2017-08-16
    • 混用
    • 한자성경과 천자문 배우기
  • Wenli Union Version - in classical Chinese (문리합본판성경, 文理和合版聖經)
    • 1912 漢文聖經
    • YouVersion 《文理和合譯本》 (CUHWV)
    • Hong Kong Bible Society (RCUV)
  • New Japanese Revised Bible with rubi (新改訳聖書, 후리가나 포함된 일본어 신개역성서) 現況槪念化
    • About commonly used Japanese Bibles (日本語聖書)
• Bible reading plans (聖經閱讀計劃表, 성경읽기표)
  • [1year.html 관주성경사이트 읽기표]
  • 분당우리교회 읽기표
  • Tyndale 일년 읽기표
• Devotionals (敬虔文書, 경건문서)
  • 오스왈드 챔버스作 《주님은 나의 최고봉》 現況進行中 (오늘의 글 읽기)
  • 오스왈드 챔버스作 《제자를 위한 매일의 생각》 現況進行中
  • 토마스 아 켐피스作 《그리스도를 본받아》 現況進行中
• Common misunderstandings (反管窺蠡測 일반적인 오해)

Miscellaneous

• Virtual meetings
  • Zoom
• Personal
  • Coffee
• Tragedy of modernity
• 한국어 사전 목록
• Development
  • Wiki.js
  • DSM

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WIP