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Classical Literature (古典文學 고전문학)
East Asian Confucian Classics (東洋儒敎古文 동양유교고문)
- Beginning educational texts (初學 초학)
- Three Character Classic (三字經 삼자경) 現況進行中, 開始日 2024-02-20
- One Hundred Family Names (百家姓 백가성)
- One Thousand Characters (千字文 천자문) 韓文完成, 終了日 2016-07-30
- Four Character Book of Learning (四字小學 사자소학) 韓文完成, 終了日 2024-03-18
- Compiled Writings (推句 추구) 原文完成, 終了日 2024-03-18
- Prose (散文 산문)
- Misc
- Combined Categories [of Various Topics for Tutelage of Children] (類合 유합)
- Collection of Characters for Training the Unenlightened (訓蒙字會 훈몽자회)
- Four Books and Five Classics (四書五經 사서오경)
- 四書
- The Great Learning (大學 대학) 現況進行中
- Analects (論語 논어)
- Mencius (孟子 맹자)
- The Doctrine of Mean (中庸 중용)
- 五經
- Book of Odes (詩經 시경)
- Book of Documents (書經 서경)
- Book of Changes (易經 역경)
- Book of Rites (禮記 예기)
- Rites of Zhou (周禮 주례)
- Annals of Spring and Autumn (春秋 춘추)
- 四書
- 孝
- 孝子傳, 藝文類聚, 太平御覽, 搜神記
- The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars (二十四孝 이십사효)
- The Thirteen Classics (十三經 십삼경) from Han dynasty to Song dynasty
- Book of Changes (易經 역경)
- Book of Documents (書經 서경)
- Book of Odes (詩經 시경)
- Three [Books of] Rites (三禮 삼례)
- Rites of Zhou (周禮 주례)
- Ceremonies and Rites (儀禮 의례)
- Book of Rites (禮記 예기)
- The Great Learning (大學 대학)
- The Doctrine of Mean (中庸 중용)
- Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋三傳 춘추삼전)
- The Commentary of Zuo (左傳 좌전)
- The Commentary of Gongyang (公羊傳 공양전)
- The Commentary of Guliang (穀梁傳 곡량전)
- Analects (論語 논어)
- The Classic of Filial Piety (孝經 효경)
- Erya, the Dictionary (爾雅 이아)
- Mencius (孟子 맹자)
- East Asian Idioms based on Old Stories (故事成語, 고사성어) 現況進行中
- Classical Chinese Characters (漢字, 한자) 現況槪念化
- Beginning educational texts (初學 초학)
Notes
- 孔子之私學
- 조선은 주자학 때문에 망했을까?
- Scholars (學者, 학자)
- Old texts (古文, 고문)
- Three bonds and five relationships (三綱五倫, 삼강오륜)
- Korean 國樂의 意義
- Internet privacy
- 大學之道在止於至善
- 조선시대의 兩班들의 삶 (Life of Yangbans during Joseon dynasty)
- 24 Seasons (二十四節氣, 24절기)
- Hanja IME (漢字入力, 한자입력) - ZhengMa Input Method (鄭碼輸入法, 정마수입법)
- How Korean pronunciations of hanja are linked to Chinese pronunciation
- 朱子家禮
- 진리편독삼자경
- 한국학 디지털 아카이브
- [1] (2024-08-26)
Classical Education/Arts (古藝, 고예)
Eastern (東)
- Six Arts (六藝, 육예) from Zhou (周, 주) (1046 - 256 BC)
- Rites (禮, 례)
- Music (樂, 악)
- Archery (射, 사)
- Charioteering (御, 어)
- Calligraphy (書, 서)
- Mathematics (數, 수) (장기나 바둑같은 것도 數에 포함)
- Four Arts (四藝) from Tang (唐, 당) (618 - 907 AD)
- Stringed instrument, qin/guqin (琴, 금)
- Strategy game of baduk, go, qi/weiqi (棋/圍棋, 바둑, 기)
- Calligraphy, shu (書, 서)
- Painting, hua (畫, 화)
- 서당 (書堂, Village School)
- By countries
Western (西)
- Liberal arts education since Boethius (보이티우스 (또는 보에티우스) 이후의 교양교육)
- Trivium (三學, 삼학)
- Grammar (文法, 문법)
- Logic (論理學, 논리학)
- Rhetoric (修辭學, 수사학)
- Quadrivium (四科, 사과)
- Arithmetic; abstractions
- Geometry; spatial
- Music; time
- Astronomy; spacetime
- Advanced (高等敎育, 고등교육)
- Theology (神學, 신학)
- Philosophy (哲學, 철학)
- Trivium (三學, 삼학)
- Modern liberal arts education
- Arts (fine arts, music, performing arts, literature)
- Philosophy
- Religious studies
- Social science (anthropology, geography, history, jurisprudence, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology)
- Mathematics
- Natural Sciences (biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, earth sciences)
Classical Music (古樂, 고악)
- East Asian Music (極東樂, 극동악)
- Theoretical Foundations and Historical Contexts
- Yayue (雅樂) – Ancient Chinese court music tradition that influenced other East Asian court musics
- Chinese music theory (音樂理論) – Pentatonic scales (gong, shang, jue, zhi, yu), 12 lu (十二律), Confucian music philosophy
- Aak (雅樂 아악) – Korean ceremonial court music derived from Chinese yayue
- Gagaku (雅楽 가가쿠) – Japanese imperial court music, also influenced by Chinese yayue and Korean aak traditions
- Korea (韓國, 한국)
- Court and Aristocratic Music (정악, Jeongak)
- Aak (雅樂 아악) – Confucian shrine and royal ancestral ritual music
- Dangak – Court music of Tang Chinese origin
- Hyangak – Native Korean court music
- Yeominrak – A representative piece of Korean royal court music
- Sujecheon – Famous instrumental piece of Korean court music
- Literati and Chamber Music
- Folk-Based Classical Forms
- Instruments (관악기/현악기/타악기)
- String Instruments
- Gayageum (伽倻琴, 가야금) – 12-string zither
- Geomungo – 6-string zither with a deeper sound
- Haegum – Two-stringed vertical fiddle
- Wind Instruments
- Daegeum – Large transverse bamboo flute with a buzzing membrane
- Piri – Double-reed bamboo oboe-like instrument
- Taepyeongso – Loud double-reed conical oboe
- Percussion Instruments
- Janggu – Hourglass-shaped drum
- Buk – Barrel drum
- Kkwaenggwari – Small handheld gong
- Jing – Larger gong
- String Instruments
- Court and Aristocratic Music (정악, Jeongak)
- China (中國, 중국)
- Court and Ritual Music
- Yayue – Elegant music performed in imperial courts and Confucian temples
- Zhou and Han ritual music – Early dynastic ceremonial music forming the foundation of Chinese classical tradition
- Scholarly and Literati Traditions
- Guqin (古琴, 고금) – Seven-string fretless zither associated with scholars, Confucians, Daoists
- Guqin repertoire – Known for ancient pieces like “Guangling San”, “Flowing Water (Liu Shui)”
- Regional Classical Operas and Genres (Seen as part of classical tradition)
- Kunqu Opera – One of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera, highly refined
- Jingju – Classical Beijing opera (though more recent, still rooted in classical traditions)
- Instrumental Traditions
- String Instruments (Plucked)
- Guzheng (古箏, 고쟁) – 21-string zither with movable bridges
- Pipa (琵琶, 비파) – Pear-shaped lute
- Ruan – Moon-shaped lute
- Sanxian – Three-stringed fretless lute
- Liuqin – Small mandolin-like lute
- Bowed String Instruments
- Wind Instruments
- Percussion Instruments
- String Instruments (Plucked)
- Court and Ritual Music
- Japan (日本, 일본)
- Court and Ritual Music (雅楽, Gagaku)
- Gagaku – Imperial court music tradition including:
- Bugaku – Court dance music
- Kuniburi no Utamai – Indigenous Shinto ritual songs and dances
- Instruments of Gagaku
- Gagaku – Imperial court music tradition including:
- Buddhist Chanting and Sacred Music
- Shōmyō – Buddhist liturgical chanting
- Theatre and Vocal Music
- Noh theatre music – Subtle ensemble of flute and drums accompanying chanted drama
- Heikyoku – Biwa-accompanied recitation of The Tale of the Heike
- Chamber Music and Artistic Genres
- Sankyoku – Ensemble of koto, shamisen, and shakuhachi
- Sokyoku (箏曲, 쟁곡) – Koto music, often combined with shamisen and voice
- Shakuhachi – End-blown bamboo flute, linked to Zen meditation (komusō monks)
- Shamisen – Three-stringed lute used in a range of classical genres (Jiuta, Nagauta)
- Gidayū-bushi – Chanted narrative style for Bunraku puppet theatre
- Court and Ritual Music (雅楽, Gagaku)
- Other East Asian Traditions
- Mongolian Court and Classical Music
- Historical Mongolian liturgical and court songs – Oral tradition preserved in Mongol royal courts
- Morin Khuur – Horse-head fiddle, iconic Mongolian bowed instrument
- Urtyn Duu – Ancient form of Mongolian extended vocal performance with wide vocal range
- Ryukyuan/Okinawan Court Music
- Ryūkyūan court music – Classical tradition influenced by both Japanese gagaku and Chinese court music
- Sanshin – Three-stringed lute used in classical Ryukyuan music
- Influences in Vietnam (While culturally closer to Southeast Asia, historically influenced by Chinese music theory)
- Mongolian Court and Classical Music
- Additional Classical Themes and Genres
- Ritual and Ancestral Ceremonies
- Confucian temple music in China, Korea, Vietnam
- Shinto shrine kagura performances in Japan
- Scholarly and Solo Repertoires
- Guqin solo repertoire (China)
- Geomungo sanjo and gayageum sanjo (Korea)
- Shakuhachi honkyoku pieces (Japan)
- Ensemble and Orchestral Traditions
- Jingju orchestra (China)
- Gagaku orchestra (Japan)
- Jeongak court ensemble (Korea)
- Ritual and Ancestral Ceremonies
- Music Notation Systems
- Gongchepu – Chinese traditional notation
- Jeongganbo – Korean notation system for pitches and rhythms
- Kunkunshi – Ryukyuan/Okinawan koto and sanshin notation
- Various mnemonic and oral transmission techniques in Noh, gagaku, and qin playing
- Theoretical Foundations and Historical Contexts
- Western Classical Music
- Medieval (c. 500–1400)
- Gregorian Chant – Monophonic sacred chant of the Western Roman Catholic Church
- Other Latin liturgical traditions: Ambrosian chant, Mozarabic chant, Gallican chant
- Early polyphony and organum – e.g. Léonin and Pérotin of the Notre Dame School
- Secular monophony – Troubadour and Trouvère songs in France, Minnesänger in Germany
- Renaissance (c. 1400–1600)
- Polyphonic vocal music – Mass (Missa), Motet, Chanson, Madrigal
- Franco-Flemish School: Guillaume Du Fay, Johannes Ockeghem, Josquin des Prez
- Roman School: Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (model of Catholic church music)
- Venetian School: Giovanni Gabrieli (polychoral style)
- Refined counterpoint theory (e.g. Gioseffo Zarlino)
- Baroque (c. 1600–1750)
- Early Baroque: Claudio Monteverdi (transitional figure from Renaissance to Baroque, opera “L’Orfeo”)
- Opera’s beginnings in Italy: Florentine Camerata, Jacopo Peri, Giulio Caccini
- French Baroque: Jean-Baptiste Lully, François Couperin
- German Baroque: Heinrich Schütz, Dietrich Buxtehude
- High Baroque masters:
- Johann Sebastian Bach – Cantatas, passions, fugues, “Well-Tempered Clavier”
- George Frideric Handel – Oratorios (“Messiah”), operas, instrumental works
- Antonio Vivaldi – Violin concertos (“The Four Seasons”)
- Development of tonal harmony, basso continuo, dance suites
- Classical (c. 1750–1820)
- Viennese Classicism:
- Joseph Haydn – The “father” of the symphony and string quartet
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Operas, symphonies, concertos, chamber music
- Ludwig van Beethoven (early period) – Transitional figure from Classical to Romantic
- Rise of instrumental genres: Symphony, String Quartet, Sonata, Concerto
- Sonata form, balance, clarity, and public concerts
- Christoph Willibald Gluck – Opera reform
- Viennese Classicism:
- Romantic (c. 1820–1900)
- Expansion of emotional expression, chromaticism, larger orchestras
- Early Romantics: Franz Schubert, Carl Maria von Weber, Felix Mendelssohn, Frédéric Chopin, Robert Schumann, Hector Berlioz (program symphony)
- High Romantics:
- Richard Wagner – Music dramas, leitmotifs
- Giuseppe Verdi – Italian opera
- Johannes Brahms – Absolute music (symphonies, chamber works)
- Franz Liszt – Virtuosic piano works, symphonic poems
- Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Russian symphonies, ballets
- Anton Bruckner – Grand symphonies
- Nationalism in music: Bedřich Smetana, Antonín Dvořák, Modest Mussorgsky, Edvard Grieg, Jean Sibelius
- Late Romantic trends leading towards more complex harmonies and expanded forms
- Medieval (c. 500–1400)
- Genres, Forms, and Styles (up to the Romantic era)
- Sacred Music Forms
- Secular Vocal Forms
- Opera – Developed from early Baroque through Classical to grand Romantic operas
- Art Song / Lied – Prominent in the Romantic era (Schubert, Schumann, Brahms), French chanson and mélodie
- Madrigal, Chanson, Partsong – Renaissance secular vocal music
- Instrumental Forms
- Symphony – Emerged in the Classical era, expanded in the Romantic
- Concerto – Baroque concerto grosso to Classical solo concerto, extended in the Romantic era
- Sonata – Keyboard and instrumental sonatas in Classical and Romantic eras
- String Quartet, Trio, Quintet – Chamber music tradition
- Suite, Partita, Overture, Symphonic Poem (Romantic programmatic form)
- Dance forms: Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue (Baroque suites), Minuet and Trio (Classical), Waltz, Mazurka, Polonaise (Romantic character dances)
- Performance Contexts and Ensembles
- Orchestras (Codified during Classical and Romantic periods)
- Chamber ensembles (string quartets, piano trios)
- Opera companies and court opera houses
- Church choirs and cathedral music establishments
- Noble and bourgeois salon concerts in 18th and 19th centuries
- Instruments and Instrumental Families (Pre-20th Century)
- Strings: Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass
- Early strings: Lute, Viole da gamba
- Keyboards: Piano (Classical and Romantic), Harpsichord (Renaissance/Baroque), Organ
- Woodwinds: Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon, Recorder (earlier periods)
- Brass: Horn, Trumpet, Trombone (Sackbut in earlier forms), Natural Horn
- Percussion: Timpani, occasional use of other percussion in Romantic works
- Theory, Notation, and Treatises
- Medieval and Renaissance Theorists: Guido d’Arezzo (solmization), Johannes Tinctoris, Gioseffo Zarlino
- Baroque and Classical Theory: Figured bass, thoroughbass; Jean-Philippe Rameau (Treatise on Harmony)
- Staff notation and mensural notation developed in Medieval/Renaissance, printing in the Renaissance
- 19th-century Tonal Harmony Theory: Pre-Schenkerian approaches to voice-leading and functional harmony
- Influential Institutions and Patrons (before 1900)
- Church (Medieval, Renaissance patronage)
- Royal Courts and Aristocracy (Baroque, Classical)
- Rise of Public Concerts (Classical) and Middle-Class Audiences (Romantic)
- Conservatories and Academies emerging in the 19th century
- Additional Movements and Influences (before 1900)
- Ars Nova in Medieval France (Machaut)
- Camerata in Florence initiating early opera
- Mannheim School (pre-Classical orchestral style)
- Folk influences and Nationalistic trends in the Romantic era
- Early music revival began in the late 19th century, though fully blossoming in the 20th century
Traditional Medicine (古醫書, 고의서)
- East Asian Medical Traditions
- Chinese Medicine (中醫)
- Foundational Texts
- Huangdi Neijing (黃帝內經) - The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon – Foundational text of Chinese medicine, comprising Suwen (素問) and Lingshu (靈樞).
- Nanjing (難經) - Classic of Difficult Issues – Commentary and elucidation of the Huangdi Neijing.
- Shanghan Lun (傷寒論) - Treatise on Cold Damage and Jingui Yaolue (金匱要略) - Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet by Zhang Zhongjing.
- Shennong Bencao Jing (神農本草經) - Divine Farmer’s Classic of Materia Medica – Earliest known pharmacopoeia in China.
- Later Dynastic Texts
- Zhouhou Beiji Fang (肘後備急方) by Ge Hong – Emergency prescriptions.
- Zhenjiu Dacheng (鍼灸大成) by Yang Jizhou – Comprehensive compilation on acupuncture and moxibustion.
- Beiji Qianjin Yaofang (備急千金要方) & Qianjin Yifang (千金翼方) by Sun Simiao – Influential Tang dynasty medical compendia.
- Bencao Gangmu (本草綱目) by Li Shizhen – Definitive Ming dynasty materia medica with thousands of substances.
- Yilin Gaicuo (醫林改錯) by Wang Qingren – Qing dynasty work emphasizing blood stasis.
- Specialty Texts
- Dongyuan Shishu (東垣十書) – Works by Li Dongyuan focusing on spleen and stomach theory.
- Wenbing Xue (溫病學) - Warm disease theory: Wenre Lun (溫熱論) by Ye Tianshi, and Wenbing Tiaobian (溫病條辨) by Wu Jutong.
- Foundational Texts
- Korean Medicine (韓醫)
- Hyangyak Jipseongbang (鄕藥集成方) – Korean herbal formula compendium compiled under King Sejong.
- Uibang Yuuchwi (醫方類聚) – Extensive Korean medical encyclopedia from the Joseon period.
- Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑) by Heo Jun – Landmark Joseon dynasty medical text, synthesizing Chinese and Korean traditions. Donguibogam: Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine (東醫寶鑑, 동의보감)
- Byeogon Shinbang (辟瘟新方) – Treatises on epidemic diseases.
- Japanese Medicine (和方)
- Ishinpō (醫心方) by Tamba Yasuyori – Oldest surviving Japanese medical text, strongly influenced by Chinese medicine.
- Later Kanpō (漢方) commentaries and collections of formulas influenced by Chinese classics.
- Mongolian and Tibetan Medicine
- Gyüshi (rGyud-bZhi) - The Four Tantras – Foundation of Tibetan medical knowledge.
- Mongolian medical treatises often based on Tibetan and Chinese traditions, e.g., translations of rGyud-bZhi and pharmacopoeias.
- Chinese Medicine (中醫)
- South Asian Medical Traditions
- Ayurveda (India)
- Foundational Samhitas
- Charaka Samhita – Classic Ayurveda text on internal medicine (Kayachikitsa).
- Sushruta Samhita – Foundational surgical and anatomical text in Ayurveda.
- Ashtanga Hridaya and Ashtanga Sangraha by Vagbhata – Comprehensive Ayurvedic treatises summarizing earlier works.
- Additional and Regional Texts
- Madhava Nidana – Important diagnostic compendium.
- Bhava Prakash – Ayurveda materia medica and theory of Dravya (substances).
- Ancient Rig Veda and Atharva Veda references to healing herbs and rituals.
- Foundational Samhitas
- Siddha (South India)
- Agathiyar Gunavakadam and other texts attributed to Siddhars focusing on herbal remedies, alchemy, and longevity.
- Unani (Greco-Arabic tradition in India)
- Works influenced by Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna’s Canon, adapted into the South Asian milieu.
- Ayurveda (India)
- Middle Eastern and Greco-Roman Medical Traditions
- Ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian
- Ebers Papyrus – Ancient Egyptian medical papyrus with herbal remedies.
- Edwin Smith Papyrus – Surgical cases, anatomical observations.
- Greco-Roman Tradition
- Hippocratic Corpus – The foundation of Western medical thought.
- Galen of Pergamon – Extensive treatises on anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and theory of the humors.
- De Materia Medica by Dioscorides – Influential herbal pharmacopoeia.
- Persian and Islamic Golden Age Medicine
- The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb) by Avicenna (Ibn Sina) – Authoritative medieval medical encyclopedia synthesizing Greek and Islamic knowledge.
- Al-Razi (Rhazes) works – “Al-Hawi” (Comprehensive Book), treatises on measles, smallpox.
- Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas)’s Kitab al-Malaki – Another influential medical compendium.
- Ibn al-Nafis – Commentary on the Canon, early description of pulmonary circulation.
- Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Ibn Masawayh – Translators and compilers of Greek medical texts into Arabic.
- Ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian
- African Traditions
- Ancient and Coptic medical traditions recorded in papyri and inscriptions.
- Ethiopian medical manuscripts (often Christian-influenced) combining herbal remedies and prayers.
- Griotic and oral traditions in West Africa preserved knowledge of medicinal plants and healing rituals, though few written “classics” predate colonial eras.
- Mesoamerican and South American Traditions
- Aztec and Maya herbal codices
- Badianus Manuscript (Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis) – Aztec herbal remedies recorded post-conquest.
- Maya Dresden Codex contains references to rituals and medicinal plants.
- Incan Quipus (knotted cords) and chroniclers’ records (e.g., Huarochirí Manuscript) contain references to healing rituals, though less “textual” in a traditional sense.
- Aztec and Maya herbal codices
- European Medieval and Renaissance Tradition
- European Herbals and Materia Medica (Pre-Modern)
- Hildegard of Bingen’s Physica – Medieval European medical and herbal treatise.
- Circa Instans (Platearius) – Salerno medical school herbals.
- Paracelsus – Renaissance physician-alchemist, works bridging medieval and early modern thought.
- Monastic medicinal manuscripts and hospital records preserving Greco-Roman medical knowledge.
- European Herbals and Materia Medica (Pre-Modern)
- Additional Influential Texts and Pharmacopoeias
- Traditional Pharmacopoeias
- Tang Materia Medica (China)
- Later dynastic and regional materia medicas: Zhenghe Bencao, Hyangyak Chaecheuk Wolyeong (Korea)
- Across Cultural Exchanges
- Islamic translations of Galen and Hippocrates contributed back into Europe (in Latin translations) – e.g. Constantinus Africanus at Salerno.
- Jesuit missionary records and European travelers’ manuscripts documenting Asian and American medicinal plants.
- Oral to Written Transitions
- Many traditions were originally oral (e.g., African, Oceanian, Indigenous Americas), and only recorded by colonizers or missionaries, or transcribed into written form much later. While not “classical” books, these collected works form corpora of traditional medical knowledge.
- Traditional Pharmacopoeias
Traditional Architecture (古建築, 고건축/전통건축)
- Reference notes
- Korea (韓國, 한국)
- China (中國, 중국)
- Japan (日本, 일본)
- Ancient architecture
Language Learning
Development
- Databases
- Development
- Networking
- Drivers
More development related contents are available via WIP
Ministry
- 교회사역 관련 자료 (Ministry Resources)
- Missions (宣敎, 선교)
- 日本キリスト教
- Bibles (聖經, 성경)
- Bible reading plans (聖經閱讀計劃表, 성경읽기표)
- [1year.html 관주성경사이트 읽기표]
- 분당우리교회 읽기표
- Tyndale 일년 읽기표
- Devotionals (敬虔文書, 경건문서)
- 오스왈드 챔버스作 《주님은 나의 최고봉》 現況進行中 (오늘의 글 읽기)
- 오스왈드 챔버스作 《제자를 위한 매일의 생각》 現況進行中
- 토마스 아 켐피스作 《그리스도를 본받아》 現況進行中
- Common misunderstandings (反管窺蠡測 일반적인 오해)